exam 2

Question 1

Are people basically good?

Answer 1

No, because not a lot of people want to seek God

Question 2

What did God give us?

Answer 2

A conscience to know him

Question 3

seeks to find the cause of crime and deviant behavior

Answer 3

criminology

Question 4

violation of the criminal law for which there’s no legal justification

Answer 4

crime

Question 5

violation of social norms that specify appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances

Answer 5

deviance

Question 6

posit relationships between events and things

Answer 6

theory

Question 7

crime is caused by the individual esercise of “free will”
pain and pleasure are the 2 central determinants of human behavior
punishment is sometimes required to deter law violators
crime prevention is possible through swift and certain punishment, which offsets any gains to be had through criminal behavior

Answer 7

classical theory

Question 8

places greater emphasis on rationality and cognition

Answer 8

the neoclassical theory

Question 9

holds that criminality is the result of conscious choice

Answer 9

rational choice theory

Question 10

lifestyles contribute to the volume and type of crime found in society

Answer 10

routine activities theory

Question 11

Significance for classical theories

Answer 11

Forms the basis of many criminal justice

Question 12

human behavior is constitutionally or genetically determined
basic determinants of human behavior may be passed from generation to generation
some behavior is the result of propensities inherited from more primitive development stages in the evolutionary theory

Answer 12

bio theory

Question 13

focus is on the relationship of criminal behavior such as dna, environmental contaminants, nutrition, hormones, physical trauma, body chem in human cognition and behavior

Answer 13

psychobiological theory

Question 14

the individual is the main unit of analysis
personality is the major motivational element
crimes result from inappropriately conditioned behavior
abnormal mental processes may have a number of causes

Answer 14

psych theories

Question 15

social groups, social institutions, the arrangement of society, and social roles are all appropriate for study
group dynamics, group organizations, and subgroup relationships form the causal basis of criminality
the structure of society and the relative degree of social organization or social disorganization are important factors contributing to criminal behavior

Answer 15

sociological theory

Question 16

highlights the process of interaction between individuals and society
highlight the role of social learning
often the most attractive to policymakers
consistent w cultural and religious values

Answer 16

social process theory

Question 17

maintains that crime is the natural consequence of economic and other social inequities

Answer 17

conflict perspective

Question 18

society is composed of diverse social groups
conflict among groups is unavoidable bc of differing interests and differing values
group conflicts centers on exercise of political power

Answer 18

concept theory

Question 19

treat every fire arm as if it were loaded

Answer 19

1 Fire arm and safety rule

Question 20

never point a firearm at anyone or anything you do not intend to shoot or an unintentional direction may do harm

Answer 20

2 firearm and safety rule

Question 21

never place your finger (or anything else) in the trigger guard until you are ready to fire

Answer 21

3 firearm and safety rule

Question 22

be sure of your target, back stop, and beyond

Answer 22

4 firearm and safety rule

Question 23

approach that integrates a variety of theoretical viewpoints in attempt to explain crime and violence

Answer 23

interdisciplinary theory

Question 24

study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior

Answer 24

phrenology

Question 25

condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution

Answer 25

atavism

Question 26

stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals

Answer 26

positivist school

Question 27

classification of human beings into types according to body build and other physical characteristics

Answer 27

somatotyping

Question 28

a human male displaying the XYY chromosome structure

Answer 28

supermale

Question 29

links between chromosome patterns and crime

Answer 29

chromosome theory

Question 30

field of study that links violent or disruptive behavior to eating habits, vitamin deficiencies, genetics, and other conditions that affect body tissues

Answer 30

biocriminology

Question 31

psych principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and association w other stimuli

Answer 31

behavioral conditioning

Question 32

attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offender based on behavioral clues they provide

Answer 32

psych profiling

Question 33

reasonable suspicion

Answer 33

reasonable belief through articulable circumstances that criminal activity might be afoot

Question 34

sees continued crime as a consequence of the limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders

Answer 34

labeling theory

Question 35

integrated view of human development that points to the process of interaction among and between individuals and society as the root cause of criminal behavior

Answer 35

social development theory

Question 36

sees crime as engendered by the unequal distribution in usually capitalist societies

Answer 36

radical criminology

Question 37

crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime

Answer 37

peacemaking criminology

Question 38

developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology

Answer 38

feminist criminology

Question 39

branch of criminology developed after WW2 and builds on postmodern thought

Answer 39

postmodern criminology

Question 40

cause postmodern criminology challenges and debunks existing theories

Answer 40

deconstructionist theories

Question 41

rule of conduct, generally found enacted in the form og a stature, that proscribes or mandates at all levels

Answer 41

law

Question 42

written or codified law, the "law on the books," as enacted by a govt body or agency having the power to make laws

Answer 42

statutory laws

Question 43

law that results from judicial decisions - judicial precedent - built on legal reasoning and past interpretations of statutory law - guides decision making, esp. in the courts

Answer 43

case law

Question 44

the traditional body of unwritten historical precedents created from everyday social customs, rules, and practices, which may be supported by judicial decisions

Answer 44

common law

Question 45

holds that orderly society must be governed by established principles and known codes that are applied uniformly and fairly to all of its members

Answer 45

rule of law

Question 46

philosophy of the law or the science and study of the law

Answer 46

jurisprudence

Question 47

aka penal law branch of modern law that concerns itself w offenses committed against society, it's members, their property, and the social order -crimes injure not just the individuals, but as society as a whole -punishment for violators of criminal law is justified by the fact that the offender intended the harm and is responsible for it

Answer 47

criminal law

Question 48

describes which acts constitute crimes and specifies punishment for the acts

Answer 48

substantive law

Question 49

specifies the rules that determine how thoe who are accused of crimes are to be treated by the judicial system

Answer 49

procedural law

Question 50

governs relationships between parties and provides a formal way to regulate non-criminal relationships between people, businesses, other organizations, and other agencies of govt

Answer 50

civil law

Question 51

violation of civil law

Answer 51

tort

Question 52

result of civil law

Answer 52

injunction or loss of money

Question 53

body of regulations that govts create to control the activities of businesses, industry, and individuals

Answer 53

administrative law

Question 54

-general rules of evidence -search and seizure -procedures to be followed during and after an arrest balance suspects' rights against the state's interests in speedy and efficient case processing

Answer 54

procedural law

Question 55

serious crimes that are punishable by a year or more in prison or by death

Answer 55

felonies

Question 56

less serious crimes that are punishable by up to a year in a local correctional facility

Answer 56

misdemeanors

Question 57

minor violations to the criminal law that are less serious than misdemeanors aka infractions

Answer 57

offenses

Question 58

a US citizen's action to help a foreign govt overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the us

Answer 58

treason

Question 59

gathering, transmitting, or losing info relating to national defense in such a manner that the info becomes available to the enemies of the us and may be used to their advantage

Answer 59

espionage

Question 60

offenses not yet completed | -consists of an action or conduct that is a step toward the intended commission of another offense

Answer 60

inchoate offenses

Question 61

gen factors of a crime

Answer 61

actus reus mens rea concurrence of the two

Question 62

criminal act

Answer 62

actus reus

Question 63

refers to a person's mental state at the time the act was committed a culpable mental state

Answer 63

mens rea

Question 64

4 lv of mens rea

Answer 64

purposeful knowing reckless negligent

Question 65

special category of crime that require no culpable mental state

Answer 65

strict liability

Question 66

purpose is to protect the public

Answer 66

absolute liability offenses

Question 67

essential feature of a given crime, as specified by law or statute. all must have occurred

Answer 67

elements of a specific crime

Question 68

body of crime

Answer 68

corpus delictic

Question 69

a person cannot be tried for a crime unless it can first be proven that

Answer 69

a crime law has been violated and the person who committed that crime is responsible

Question 70

defendants admit committing the offense, but believes that they should not be held criminally responsible bc of a legally sufficient reason for their actions

Answer 70

justification

Question 71

defendants admit committing the offense, but believe that they should not be held criminally responsible bc of some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act

Answer 71

excuses

Question 72

defendants claim that they were in some way discriminated against in the justice process or that some important aspect of official procedure was not properly followed in the investigation or prosecution of the crime charged

Answer 72

procedural defenses

Question 73

prompting you to do something you normally wouldn't do

Answer 73

entrapment

Question 74

cannot be held in the same crime twice

Answer 74

double jeopardy

Question 75

facts already determined to be valid in court

Answer 75

collated estoppel

Question 76

prosecutor holding piece of evidence back

Answer 76

prosecutorial misconduct

Question 77

police frame you

Answer 77

police fraud

Question 78

theme of book

Answer 78

there is a need to create balance between individual rights and public order

Question 79

court processes

Answer 79

``` first hearing preliminary hearing trial sentences due process ```

Question 80

what constitutes particular crimes and specifies the appropriate punishment for each particular offense

Answer 80

substantive criminal law

Question 81

principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future deliberations; basis of our modern law of precendent

Answer 81

stare decisis

Question 82

latin for after the fact.

Answer 82

ex post facto