Exam 2

Question 1

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 1

Body can’t make on its own
Has to be gotten through the diet
9 out of 20 a.a.’s are essential
Provide a source of nitrogen for other compounds

Question 2

Nonessential Amino Acids

Answer 2

Body can make
But can still be gotten through diet
11 out of 20 a.a.’s are nonessential
Provide a source of nitrogen for other compounds

Question 3

Structure of amino acid

Answer 3

1) amine group:
always has a nitrogen
2) carbon skeleton:
central carbon with hydrogen(backbone), acid group, r-group(sidechain)

Question 4

Function of a.a. r-group

Answer 4

1) differentiates one a.a. from another
2) determines the structure
3) determines the function of the a.a.

Some a.a.’s have similar r-groups which affects where they are absorbed

Question 5

Dipeptide

Answer 5

2 a.a.’s linked together

Question 6

Polypeptide

Answer 6

many a.a.’s linked together

Question 7

Denaturation

Answer 7

straightening or uncoiling protein so the enzymes can get in and break apart the bonds

Question 8

Transamination

Answer 8

transfer of an amine group (nitrogen group) to the carbon skeleton to form a different nonessential a.a.

Question 9

Deamination

Answer 9

removal of the amine group from an a.a.

Could create glucose with C, H, O (if no carbs available)

Question 10

Nitrogen excretion

Answer 10

Nitrogen goes to liver where it is converted to urea and sent to kidneys to be excreted

Question 11

Complete protein

Answer 11

all 9 essential a.a.’s in the optimal ratios

Ex: meat, dairy, seafood

Question 12

Incomplete protein

Answer 12

missing or has a low amount of one or more essential a.a.’s

Ex: nuts, grains, vegetables, beans

Question 13

Complementary protein

Answer 13

combining 2 incomplete proteins to get all 9 essential a.a.’s
Ex: beans and rice

Question 14

Animal protein vs plant protein

Answer 14

Animal protein:
more saturated fat and calories, less fiber
Plant protein:
less saturated fat and calories, more fiber

Question 15

Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition)

Answer 15

getting calories (mainly carb) but not protein
Ex: child in third world country that relies on rice
impaired growth, mental retardation, impaired immune system, edema, intestinal malabsorption

Question 16

Edema

Answer 16

swelling due to lack of protein

Protein pulls fluid back into the blood

Question 17

Marmasmus (protein-energy malnutrition)

Answer 17

not getting calories (they’re starving)
Ex: starving child in third world country or anorexic child in U.S.
Also deficient in all other nutrients

Question 18

Vitamin B6

Answer 18

1) Water soluble
2) Functions in a.a. metabolism, heme synthesis (RBC, hemoglobin)
3) Deficiency symptoms: anemia (deficiency is rare)
4) Dietary sources: meat, fish, poultry, nuts, potatoes, green vegetables, purple fruits, bananas

Question 19

Anabolism

Answer 19

Building body compounds

Ex: making muscle, gaining fat

Question 20

Catabolism

Answer 20

Break down the basic building units for energy and excretion

Ex: breaking down fat/muscle for energy (losing weight)

Question 21

Glucose

Answer 21

only carb we get energy from

six carbons

Question 22

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Answer 22

1) Water soluble
2) Coenzyme (works with an enzyme) for energy metabolism/plays a role in metabolism or neurotransmitter
3) Deficiency symptoms: Beriberi, dementia and amnesia, weakness
Alcoholics are at high risk for deficiency
4) Dietary sources: whole grains, enriched grains, green leafy vegetables, legumes, pork

Question 23

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 23

sensitive to light, air and heat

1) B1, B2, B6, niacin, biotin, C

Question 24

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Answer 24

1) Water soluble
2) transfer of energy to ATP
3) Deficiency symptoms: weakness, dry skin
4) Dietary sources: enriched flour products, milk, green leafy vegetables
Very sensitive to light (can be lost in glass milk bottles)

Question 25

Niacin

Answer 25

1) Water soluble 2) transfer of energy from ATP, formation of fatty acids 3) Deficiency symptoms: Pellagra (4 D's)-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death 4) Dietary sources: whole grains, enriched flour/grains, protein with tryptophan

Question 26

Pantothenate

Answer 26

``` Pan=everywhere Found in almost all foods 1) Water soluble 2) aerobic energy metabolism 3) Deficiency symptoms: weakness 4) Dietary sources: whole grains, meat, milk ```

Question 27

Biotin

Answer 27

1) Water soluble 2) energy metabolism 3) Deficiency symptoms: weakness 4) Dietary sources: meat, milk, egg yolks, nuts Groups at risk=people that eat a lot of raw egg whites

Question 28

Chromium

Answer 28

1) Trace mineral 2) enhances ability of insulin to move glucose from blood into cells (works with insulin to move glucose out of blood) 3) Deficiency symptoms: rise in blood glucose levels 4) Dietary sources: whole grains, mushrooms, nuts, cereals

Question 29

Iodine

Answer 29

1) Trace mineral 2) synthesis of thyroid hormones (regulate body temperature and metabolic rate) 3) Deficiency symptoms: goiter 4) Dietary sources: iodized salt, seafood, dairy foods, some vegetables (depending on soil content) Groups at risk=lack of iodized salt intake, people who live in places with low iodine content (in the soil)

Question 30

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 30

calories your body burns to keep you alive Ex: heartbeat, kidney filtering waste The more muscle you have, the higher your metabolic rate 60-75% of total energy expenditure

Question 31

Physical activity

Answer 31

we have the most control over this | 15-35% of the total energy expenditure

Question 32

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Answer 32

About 100 calories/day Energy costs associated with digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food 5-10% of daily energy expenditure

Question 33

Android

Answer 33

Apple shape Lots of visceral fat More common in men

Question 34

Gynecoid

Answer 34

Pear shape Excess hip/femoral fat More common in women Harder to lose

Question 35

Measures of body fat (technology)

Answer 35

1) skinfold measurements 2) under water weighing (hydrostatic) 3) BOD POD (air displacement) 4) bioelectric impedance 5) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Question 36

Thrifty gene theory

Answer 36

hypothesis suggesting that some people have a gene that causes them to be energetically thrifty (thrifty gene) and expend less energy at rest and during physical activity

Question 37

Set-point

Answer 37

each person is "programmed" to weigh a certain amount of to have a particular level of body fat

Question 38

Body fat

Answer 38

the number of fat cells times the amount of fat in fat cell

Question 39

Energy regulating hormones (hunger hormones)

Answer 39

1) Leptin-made by fat cells, decreases appetite | 2) Ghrelin-made in stomach (is a protein that acts as a hormone), stimulates appetite

Question 40

What is the energy deficit to lose 1 lb/week

Answer 40

500kcal/day

Question 41

Xenical

Answer 41

limits fat absorption by inhibiting the release of fat digesting enzyme

Question 42

Neoplasm

Answer 42

new growth

Question 43

Benign neoplasm

Answer 43

Pose no problems (except locally) Cells adhere to one another Do not invade into other tissues

Question 44

Malignant neoplasm

Answer 44

Cancerous Resists treatment Harmful cells don't adhere, they invade surrounding tissue

Question 45

Carcinogen

Answer 45

Initiators | Cancer causing substance (initiates cancer)

Question 46

Promoter

Answer 46

increases cell division, does not cause cancer

Question 47

Dietary fiber

Answer 47

Anti-promoter and anti-carcinogen | Fiber dilutes things and keeps them moving through the GI tract to be excreted

Question 48

Antioxidants

Answer 48

Vitamins A, C, E beta-carotene and selenium Donate an electron to free radicals and neutralizes them

Question 49

Phytochemicals

Answer 49

Act as antioxidants | NOT NUTRIENTS

Question 50

Free radical

Answer 50

A molecule that is missing an electron They bounce around the body looking for another electron and can damage cell DNA (and LDL) causing cancer long term Oxidation produces free radicals

Question 51

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Answer 51

1) Water soluble 2) immune functions, collagen formation, increases iron absorption 3) protects the lungs, LDL cholesterol, regenerates vitamin E 4) Deficiency symptoms: scurvy 5) Dietary sources: citrus fruits, tomato, dark green vegetables Groups at risk=smokers, alcoholics, physical stress Easily destroyed by air and heat

Question 52

Vitamin E

Answer 52

1) Lipid soluble 2) Protects cell membrane 3) Deficiency symptoms: anemia (fragile RBCs) 4) Dietary source: plant oils Groups at risk (same for all fat soluble vitamins): preterm infants, people eating little fat, people with fat malabsorption

Question 53

Vitamin A

Answer 53

1) Lipid soluble 2) Vision-especially night vision Plays a role in the cells surrounding the eye and create moisture and mucus to keep the eye from drying out 3) Deficiency symptoms: night blindness, Xeropthalmia (disintegration/drying out of eye) Stored in liver VISION

Question 54

Beta-carotene

Answer 54

Phytochemical | Can be converted into inactive form of vitamin A

Question 55

Osteoblasts

Answer 55

build bones

Question 56

Osteoclasts

Answer 56

chew away at bone tissue

Question 57

Bone turnover

Answer 57

Build bone density in first 30 years of life 34-45yrs bone density stays the same Over 45 yrs-start to lose bone density After menopause-estrogen levels drop, bone density decreases at a higher rate

Question 58

Blood calcium

Answer 58

If not enough in blood (from diet) we get it from the breaking down bones Functions requiring blood calcium: nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, vascular control (blood pressure)

Question 59

Osteoporosis

Answer 59

Loss of bone mineral and protein | Hard but very brittle bone tissue that breaks easily

Question 60

Fluoride

Answer 60

1) Water soluble 2) Health of teeth 3) Found in drinking water (not bottled water) and toothpaste

Question 61

Vitamin D

Answer 61

Produced by body when exposed to sunlight 1) Lipid soluble 2) Acts as a hormone-enhances calcium levels 3) Deficiency symptoms: rickets-bones aren't strong enough to hold up body weight so they bow CALCIUM

Question 62

Osteomalacia

Answer 62

soft bones not the same as osteoporosis osteo=bone, malacia=soft

Question 63

Lipid soluble vitamins

Answer 63

A, D, E