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IAFS 1000 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

infantry

A

foot soldiers who use assault rifles and other light weapons

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2
Q

counterinsurgency

A

an effort to combat guerrilla armies, often including programs to win the rural populations so that they stop sheltering guerrillas

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3
Q

landmines

A

concealed explosive devices often left behind by irregular armies that kill civilians after wars end

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4
Q

power projection

A

the ability to use military force in areas far from a country’s region or sphere of influence

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5
Q

electronic warfare

A

use of the electromagnetic spectrum (radar, infrared) in war

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6
Q

stealth technology

A

the use of special radar-absorbent materials and unusual shapes to scatter enemy radar

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7
Q

state-sponsored terrorism

A

the use of terrorist groups by states to achieve political aims

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8
Q

Weapons of mass destruction

A

nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, all distinguished from conventional weapons by their enormous potential lethality and their relative lack of discrimination in whom they kill

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9
Q

fissionable material

A

the elements uranium-235 and plutonium, whose atoms split apart and release energy via a chain reaction when an atomic bomb explodes

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10
Q

ballistic missiles

A

the major strategic delivery vehicle for nuclear weapons; it carries a warhead along a trajectory and lets it drop on the target

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11
Q

intercontinental ballistic missiles

A

the longest range ballistic missiles, can travel 5,000 miles

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12
Q

cruise missile

A

a small winged missile that can navigate across thousands of miles of previously mapped terrain to reach a particular target, it can carry a nuclear or conventional warhead

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13
Q

missile technology control regime

A

a set of agreements through which industrialized states try to limit the flow of missile-relevant technology to third world states

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14
Q

chemical weapons convention

A

1992 agreement that bans the production and possession of chemical weapons and includes strict sanctions against violators and non-participants

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15
Q

biological weapons convention

A

a 1972 agreement that prohibits the development, production, and possession of biological weapons but makes no provision for inspections

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16
Q

proliferation

A

the spread of weapons of mass destruction into the hands of more actors

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17
Q

NPT

A

1968 treaty that created a framework for controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise; created international atomic energy agency (UN) that is charged with inspecting the nuclear power industry in NPT member states to prevent secret military diversion s of nuclear powers

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18
Q

mutually assured destruction

A

the possession of second-strike nuclear capabilities, which ensures that neither of two adversaries could prevent the other from destroying it in an all-out war

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19
Q

strategic defense initiative

A

(SDI or Star Wars) a US effort to develop defenses that could shoot down incoming ballistic missiles

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20
Q

Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty

A

1972 treaty that prohibited the US and USSR from using a ballistic missile defense shield, which would have undermined mutually assured destruction and deterrence

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21
Q

comprehensive test ban treaty

A

CTBT: a 1996 treaty that bans all nuclear weapons testing

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22
Q

civil-military relations

A

the relations between a state’s civilian leaders and military leaders; usually military takes orders from civilian leaders but in poor countries can be military governments

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23
Q

military governments

A

states in which military forces control the government; they are the most common in third world countries where the military may be the only large modern institution

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24
Q

international norms

A

the expectations held by participants about normal relations among states (expected behaviors)

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25
Q

international organizations

A

IGOs and NGOs

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26
Q

UN charter

A

the founding document of the UN; it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence and territorial integrity, and must fulfill international obligations

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27
Q

UN general assembly

A

a body composed of reps from all states that allocate UN funds, passes non-binding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies

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28
Q

UN security council

A

a body of 5 great powers (who can veto) and ten rotating member states that make decision about international peace and security, including dispatch of UN peacekeepers

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29
Q

UN secretariat

A

the UN executive branch, led by secretary general

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30
Q

peacebuilding

A

the use of military peacekeepers, civilian administrators, police trainers, and similar efforts to sustain peace agreements and build stable, democratic governments in societies recovering from civil wars

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31
Q

UN conference on trade and development

A

(UNCTAD) a structure established in 1964 to promote third world development through various trade proposals

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32
Q

World Health Organization

A

An organization in Geneva that provides technical assistance to improve health conditions in the third world and conducts major immunization campaigns

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33
Q

World Court or international court of justice

A

judicial arm of the UN; only hears cases between states

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34
Q

immigration law

A

national laws that establish the conditions under which foreigners may travel and visit within a state’s territory, work within the state, and sometimes become citizens of the state

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35
Q

diplomatic recognition

A

the process by which the status of embassies and an ambassador as an official state representative are explicitly defined

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36
Q

diplomatic immunity

A

a privilege under which diplomats activities fall outside the jurisdiction of the host country’s national courts

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37
Q

just war

A

a category in international law and political theory that defines when wars can be justly started and how they can be justly fought

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38
Q

human rights

A

the rights of all people to be free from abuses such as torture or imprisonment for their political beliefs and to enjoy certain minimum economic and social protections

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39
Q

universal declaration of human rights

A

1948 core UN document on human rights; lacks the force of international law; sets norms regarding behavior by governments toward their own citizens and foreigners alike

40
Q

amnesty international

A

an influential NGO that operates globally to monitor and try to rectify glaring abuses of political human rights

41
Q

responsibility to protect

A

(R2P) principle adopted by world leaders in 2005 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide and crimes against humanity perpetuated within a sovereign state

42
Q

international criminal court

A

a permanent tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity

43
Q

prisoners of war

A

soldiers who have surrendered and who thereby receive special status under the laws of war

44
Q

international committee of the red cross

A

an NGO that provides practical support, such as medical care, food and letters from home to POWs

45
Q

mercantilism

A

an economic theory and political ideology opposed to free trade; it shares with realism the belief that states must protect their own interest without seeking mutual gains through international organizations

46
Q

economic liberalism

A

an approach that generally shares the assumption of anarchy but does not see this condition as precluding extensive cooperation to realize common gains from economic exchanges; emphasizes relative over absolute gains and a commitment to free trade and free capital flows

47
Q

free trade

A

the flow of goods and services across national borders unimpeded by tariffs or other restrictions (a principle of UK’s policy after 1846 and US policy after 1945)

48
Q

balance of trade

A

the value of a state’s exports relative to its imports

49
Q

comparative advantage

A

the principle that says states should specialize in trading goods that they produce with the greatest relative efficiency and at the lowest relative cost

50
Q

autarky

A

a policy of self-reliance, avoiding or minimizing trade and trying to produce everything one needs by oneself

51
Q

protectionism

A

the protection of domestic industries against international competition by trade tariffs and other mean

52
Q

dumping

A

the sale of products in foreign markets at prices below the minimum level necessary to make profit

53
Q

tariff

A

a duty or tax levied on certain types of imports as they enter a country

54
Q

nontariff barriers

A

forms of restricting imports other than tariffs, such as quotes

55
Q

World Trade Organization

A

(WTO) founded in 1995 to replace the GATT and expanded its traditional focus on manufactured goods; created monitoring ad enforcement mechanisms

56
Q

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

A

(GATT) founded in 1947 to work for freer trade on a multilateral basis; the GATT was more of a negotiating framework than administrative institution - became WTO

57
Q

most favored nation

A

(MFN) trade restrictions imposed by a WTO member on its most favored trading partner must be equally applied to all WTO members

58
Q

generalized system of preferences

A

(GSP) a mechanism by which some industrialized states begin in the 1970s to give tariff concessions to third world states on certain imports; an exception to MFN principle

59
Q

Uruguay round

A

a series of negotiations under the GATT that begin in Uruguay in 1986 and agreed to make the WTO

60
Q

Doha round

A

a series of negotiations under the WTO that began in 2001; has focused on agricultural subsidies and intellectual property rights among other things

61
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement

A

(NAFTA) a free trade zone encompassing US, Canada and Mexico since 1994

62
Q

cartel

A

an association of producers or consumers of a certain product, formed for the purpose of manipulating its price on the world market

63
Q

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countires

A

(OPEC) The most prominent cartel; its members control half the world’s total oil exports, enough to significantly effect the price of oil

64
Q

industrial policy

A

the strategies by which a government works actively with industries to promote their growth and tailor trade policy to their needs

65
Q

intellectual property rights

A

the legal protection of the original works of inventors, authors, creators and performers under patent, copyright, and trademark law

66
Q

service sector

A

the part of an economy that concerns services; the key focus in international trade organizations is on banking, insurance, and other financial services

67
Q

industrialization

A

the use of fossil fuel energy to drive machinery and the accumulation of such machinery along with the products created by it

68
Q

centrally planned economy

A

an economy in which political authorities set prices and decide on quotas for production and consumption of each commodity according to a long-term plan

69
Q

transitional economies

A

countries in Russia and Eastern Europe that are trying to convert from communism to capitalism

70
Q

state-owned industries

A

industries such as oil production companies and airlines that are owned wholly or partly by the state because they are thought to be vital to the national economy

71
Q

mixed economies

A

economies like those in the west that contain some government control and some private ownership

72
Q

gold standard

A

a system in which the value of national currencies was fixed to the value of gold or other precious metals

73
Q

exchange rate

A

that rate at which one state’s currency can be exchanged for the currency of another states

74
Q

convertible currency

A

the guarantee that the holder of a particular currency can exchange it for another currency

75
Q

hyperinflation

A

an extremely rapid, uncontrolled rie in prices (Germany in the 1920s)

76
Q

hard currency

A

money that can be readily converted to leading world currencies

77
Q

reserves

A

hard-currency stockpiles kept by states

78
Q

fixed exchange rates

A

the official rates of exchange for currencies set by governments

79
Q

floating exchange rates

A

the rates determines by global currency markets in which governments and private investors buy and sell currencies

80
Q

managed float

A

a system of occasional multinational government interventions in currency markets to manage otherwise free-floating currency rates

81
Q

devaluation

A

a unilateral move to reduce the value of a currency by changing a fixed exchange rate

82
Q

central bank

A

an institution common in industrialized countries whose major tasks are to maintain the value of the state’s currency and to control inflation

83
Q

discount rate

A

the interest rate charged by governments when they end money to private banks

84
Q

Bretton Woods system

A

(1944) arrangement for managing the world economy; established the world bank and IMF

85
Q

World bank

A

International bank for reconstruction and development; gives loans to help reconstruct economies

86
Q

International monetary fund

A

(IMF) IGO that coordinates international currency exchange. balance of international payments, and national accounts

87
Q

Special Drawing Rights

A

(SDR) a world currency created by the IMF to replace gold as a world standard; valued by a “basket” of national currencies

88
Q

balance of payments

A

a summary of all the flows of money into and out of a country; includes current account, flows of capital, and changes in reserves

89
Q

Keynesian economies

A

view that governments should sometimes use deficit spending to stimulate economic growth

90
Q

fiscal policy

A

a government’s decisions about spending and taxation

91
Q

monetary policy

A

a governments decisions about printing and circulating money, and interest rates

92
Q

national debt

A

the amount a government owes in debts as a result of deficit spending

93
Q

multinational corporations

A

(MNC) a company based in one state with affiliated branches operating in other states

94
Q

foreign direct investment

A

the acquisition by residents of one country of control over a new or existing business in another country

95
Q

host country

A

a state in which a foreign MNC operates

96
Q

home country

A

the state where a MNC has its headquarters

IAFS 1000 (3 decks)

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