Exam 2 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Ottomon Empire
A
northern Asia Minor
Muslim empire of the turks
2
Q
Seljuk
A
- a Turkish Dynasty that ruled parts of Asia Minor
- defend the Holy Land during the Crusades
3
Q
Constantinople
A
- Historic city, port, & former capitol
- Istanbul, Turkey
4
Q
Advantage of Constantinople’s site
A
- commanded the waterways btw Mediterranean & Black Sea
- strategically located for commercial and political influence
5
Q
Justinian
A
-Byzantine king
-tactics: defensive on the
East, offensive in the
West
-reconquered North Africa
-short-lived success
6
Q
iconoclast controversy background
A
- icons were religious images used to foster worship
- people tried to destroy all icons to get rid of idolotry
7
Q
Periods of Byzantine history
A
Expansion
Peril
Recovery
Disintegration
8
Q
what signaled the Turkish domination of the Middle-East
A
Seljuk Turks’ victory at Manzikert
9
Q
how long did the byzantine empire last
A
1,000 years
10
Q
Reasons for Byzantine endurance
A
- possessed a diversified money economy
- advanced military science (Greek Fire)
- centralized administration by a divine right ruler
- Orthodox Church and state were closely tied
11
Q
Caesaropapism
A
Patriarch appointed by an emperor
12
Q
Eastern Orthodox Church
A
family of 13 churches
13
Q
When/How did the Eastern and Western Churches split
A
Great Schism
4th Crusade brought complete separation
14
Q
theological authority in 3 main branches of Christianity
A
Orthodox: pneumatic
approach
RCC: spiritual authority in tradition, Pope, and Scripture
Protestantism: spiritual authority in the inerrant word of God (sola scriptura)
15
Q
distinctions btw Catholic church
A
Old- each bishop is equal
Roman- Bishop of Rome is over the others
16
Q
What brought an upsurge in the Papacy’s rise/position
A
barbarian invasions
17
Q
Why does the Pope claim supreme authority
A
Petrine theory
Apostolic succession
18
Q
how many popes have there been
A
266
19
Q
How many members of the RCC?
A
1/5 of the world
20
Q
ex-cathedra
A
the pope possesses divine authority equal to that of Scripture
21
Q
divisions of RCC history
A
dissemination
decline
domination
decline
22
Q
Clovis
A
King of Franks
expanded domain via conquest
23
Q
Gregory the 1st
A
- aqueducts repaired
- promoted clerical celibacy
- gave tradition equality with scripture
- mass signified Christ anew
- doctrine of purgatory
24
Q
7 Sacraments
A
Baptism Holy Eucharist Penance Confirmation Matrimony Holy Orders Extreme Unction
25
Baptism
- infant is given a Christian name
- water poured on forehead
- washes away sin of Adam
26
What is the purpose of the sacraments?
- to make interactions btw people and God regular, systematic, and controlled during an age of mass illiteracy
- church becomes necessary mediator
27
What is the heart of the Mass worship service
Holy Eucharist/ communion
28
Holy Orders
priests are sanctioned for their work and given the ability to remit sin by a bishop
29
Relics
a religious object associated with a religious leader that is believed to have supernatural power
30
Christendom
Church and State put together
31
Curia
- College of Cardinals
| - decides next pope
32
Primogeniture
the right of an eldest son to succeed the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his other siblings
33
Simony
the buying and selling of spiritual or church benefits
34
Who was credited with saving Christendom
Charles Martel when he defeated an Islamic army at tours
35
Who was Charlemagne the son of
Pepin
36
Who was Pepin the son of
Charles Martel
37
How did Pepin become king
deposed the last Merovingian king
38
What did Pepin do for the Pope
he gave the pope territory which later became the Papal states
39
Charlemagne's Empire
- had a strong central empire & maintained control through county officials
- enlisted traveling inspectors
- result: law & order enforced
40
What was the nucleus of the Carolingian Renaissance
the palace school that Charlemagne started at Aachen
41
Why was Europe in a decline in 900
- population decreases
- food shortages
- declines in trade and education
42
What three peoples were attacking Europe?
Vikings
Muslims
Magyars
43
Where are Vikings from
Scandinavia
- Norway
- Sweden
- Denmark
44
Where did Vikings like to attack?
- England
| - monastaries/churches
45
Who sacked Rome in 846
Muslims
46
What was the low point of the moral decline of the RCC
reign of John XII
47
Feudalism
- a decentralized political relationship
| - designed to avoid anarchy
48
Where are the Magyars from?
western asia
49
What were the two classes in medieval society
- nobility/clergy
| - serfs
50
manorialism
an economic relationship btw nobles and serfs
51
Where was the Holy Roman Empire
German states and northern Italy
52
William the Conqueror
defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings for the English throne
53
investiture
the claim of kings/rulers to appoint bishops and abbots
54
Pope Urban II
- called the Council of Clement to protect the Holy Sepulcher from Muslim attack
- promised the crusaders salvation
55
First Crusade
-only true militarily successful crusade
-Peasants' crusade: mobs destroyed villages & committed
Anti-Semetic atrocities
-Crusade of Princes: took Jerusale
56
Second Crusade
killed Jews (Rhineland) and pillaged Byzantine Empire
57
Third Crusade
happened after Saladin proclaimed Jihad and took Jerusalem
58
Fourth Crusade
- crusaders contracted with Venice to sail them to Egypt
| - attacked Constantinople when promises weren't met
59
Results of the Crusades
- Promoted the rise of towns and trade bc trade routs were established and new markets opened
- undermined the feudal aristocracy and strengthened monarchs
- Increased conflict btw Eastern and Western churches
- Left behind a long-standing legacy of bitterness within the Muslim community
60
Interdict
closed churches in a geographical area
| forbade the celebrating of mass
61
Inquisition
church court for the persecution of heresy
62
Friar
Latin for brother
63
Dominican Friars
devoted to preaching and known for their scholarship and intellectual persuasion
64
Franciscan Friars
moved among the people ministering to needs, preaching, and teaching in schools
65
Pope Innocent III
- most powerful pope
| - claimed authority to rule the whole world
66
King John
- lost battles/land to the French
- lost the ability to appoint bishops
- collected dues illegally
- forced by revolting nobles to sign the Magna Carta
67
The Magna Carta
the king must observe all feudal rights/priveleges
68
Parliament
- began bc the king wanted to build popular consensus
| - Power of the Purse
69
Unam Sanctum
issued by Pope Boniface VIII
| no salvation outside of the RCC
70
diff btw guilds
merchant guilds-regulate commerce
| craft guilds-regulated prefessions
71
Scholasticism
- cathedral schools were the center of theological activity
| - sought to determine through deductive logic what they knew to be true by faith
72
greatest of the scholastics
Thomas Aquinas
| harmonize revelation with reason
73
What are the large muslim coutries
Indonesia, the Middle East, Pakistan, North Africa
74
Hadith
report of the words and deeds of Muhammad
75
Sunnah
established custom, precedent, conduct, and tradition based on Muhammad's example
76
Shariah
God's eternal and immutable will for humanity
| Quran+Sunnah
77
Sunni
- majority
- community picks leaders
- Muhammad's spiritual gifts dies with him
78
Shiah
- only family can lead
| - Muhammad's family still have gifts
79
Kabba
shrine in Mecca made by Abraham
80
Hegira
Muhammad travels to Medina escaping assassination plots
81
Caliph
leader of Muslim community
82
Umayyad Muslim dynasty
Ali is challenged for Caliph and eventually asssassinated
83
Abbasid Muslim dynasty
moved Capitol from Damascus to Baghdad
84
Black Death
- bubonic and pneumonic plagues
- started in Mongolia
- major point of entry was ports of Sicily
- episodic
85
Result of black death
production of food and goods plummeted
86
responses to Black Death
- Judgement: thought to be God judgin sin
- conspiracy: Jews were accused of poisoning water supply
- appeasement: some sought a purging by flogging themselves
87
Patronage
certain church offices were reserved for the papacy to fill
88
Absenteeism
receive income from an office but never fill it
89
Great Western Schism
two popes at the same time
| Clement vs. Urban
90
Solution to the Great Western Schism
Conciliar movement: accepting the notion that a universal council had more authority than the pope
91
Pisa Council & Coucnil of Constance
removed both popes
92
John Wycliffe
translated first English Bible
93
cause of the Hundred Years' War
sovereignty: English king claimed the French throne
94
What are the phases of the 100 years' war
English Success
French Recovery
French Disunity & English Victories
French Victory
95
result of 100 years' war
increased nationalism
96
Humanism
school of thought emphasizing the importance of man
97
Secularism
emphasis on things of the earthly world
98
How did the de Medici fam make money
banking
99
Girolamo Savonarola
- led a revolt in Florence
| - preached against papal immorality
100
Desiderius Erasmus
- Dutch Scholar
- Prince of Humanists
- produced new Greek translation of NT
