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Aural Rehab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What are the visual modes of communication?

A

Speech reading and Manual Communication

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2
Q

What used to some extent by the majority of the HI population?

A

Speech Reading

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3
Q

What is the most important component of speech reading?

A

Lip reading

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4
Q

Which components of speech reading provide considerable information?

A

Facial expressions, posture, context, and gestures

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5
Q

What is context in regards to speech reading?

A

The setting, topic, and linguistic context (utterances)

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6
Q

Which two factors influence the visual perception of speech?

A

Visibility of speech sounds and homophemes

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7
Q

How does the visibility of the articulators influence the visual perception of speech?

A

Sounds that are produced near the front of the mouth are more visible than those produced in the back

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8
Q

Which speech sounds are the most visible?

A

P, B, M, F, V, O

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9
Q

Which speech sounds are least visible?

A

K, G, H, Y

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10
Q

What is a homopheme?

A

Phonemes or sounds that look alike

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11
Q

What is a viseme?

A

A group of sounds which look alike (p, b, m)

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12
Q

What percentage of English consonants are homophenous in nature?

A

Approximately 50%

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13
Q

How does rapidity of speech affect speech reading?

A

Extremely slow speech distorts speech reading, a moderate rate with frequent pauses is helpful

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14
Q

What should you avoid in order to increase intelligibility for a speech reader?

A

Avoid extraneous gestures (hand in front of mouth, gum chewing)

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15
Q

How are lip reading skills assessed?

A

There is no acceptable test or battery due to a lack of validation. Tests are available but informal.

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16
Q

What two categories do traditional lip reading training methods fall into?

A

Analytic methods (Bruhn, Brauckmann, Bunger), and Synthetic methods

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17
Q

What is the analytic method of lip reading training?

A

One which focuses on the phonemic level (segments) before larger constituents

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18
Q

What is the synthetic method of lip reading training?

A

One which focuses on whole utterance recognition

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19
Q

Is lip reading a major form of aural rehab?

A

No, little is known on how skills are developed, and there is little evidence to document the benefits.

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20
Q

What is the current priority in aural rehab in regards to training?

A

To work on integration of auditory and visual cues

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21
Q

Who uses manual communication?

A

Severe to profound population

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22
Q

History of sign: Italy 1500s

A

Geronimo Cardano - physician who taught his deaf son

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23
Q

History of sign: Spain 1500s

A

Benedictine monk Pedro Ponce De Leon educated deaf children of Spanish aristocracy - developed early system

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24
Q

History of sign: Spain 17th century

A

Pries Juan Pablo Bonet published “Reduction of Letters and Art for Teaching Mute People to Speak”

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25
History of sign: France 18th century
Abbee Charles-Michel de l'Epee alphabet based on Bonet's. "Father of Sign Language"
26
What are the origins of ASL?
Originated early 19th century in the American School for the Deaf. Founded by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet in 1817.
27
What is ASL most closely related to?
French sign language
28
Which forms of sign language are mutually intelligible?
ASL, British SL, and Australian SL.
29
Where is ASL used?
N. America, parts of Africa, SE Asia, and S. America.
30
What are the two sign types?
Finger spelling, sign systems
31
What are the features of finger spelling?
Relatively easy to produce but difficult to read, mainly used as an adjunct to sign
32
Which three elements contribute meaning in ASL?
Shape of hand or hands, position of hand, movement that is executed
33
What is an iconic symbol?
One that can be recognized by anyone because it looks like the thing it stands for.
34
What is a non-iconic sign?
One that does not resemble it's referent.
35
What does it mean to say that human languages are strongly non-iconic?
They use arbitrary signals.
36
Why is ASL a true language?
Because it has non-iconic signs and it is generative
37
ASL has it's own _______ and ________.
grammatical structure and vocabulary
38
What do ASL signs represent?
Concepts
39
Do all ASL signs have English equivalents?
No
40
What are there no signs for in ASL?
Pronouns, articles, or function words
41
Around how many signs are there in ASL?
6000
42
How many people use ASL?
500,000 to 2 million
43
What does analog refer to?
The natural world
44
What does digital refer to?
The artificial
45
What is a pure tone?
Simple sine wave/energy at a single frequency
46
Which signals are continuous in time and amplitude?
Analog
47
Which signals are discontinuous in time and amplitude?
Digital
48
What is an ADC?
Analog to digital converter - used to convert analog signals to digital ones
49
What has discrete values that represent points along a continuous curve?
The time and amplitude of a digital signal
50
What are the benefits of DSP?
Miniaturization and because there are many more signal processing options
51
Why is miniaturization beneficial when it comes to hearing aids?
Allows for a very small chip instead of wires and transistors, and allows for easy controls for wearer and for audiologist making adjustments
52
Prior to digitization, how were hearing aid controls adjusted?
With a screwdriver
53
What remains an issue with hearing aids?
Ambient noise
54
What are the parts of a hearing aid?
Microphone, signal processor, receiver, battery, and earmold
55
Which part of the microphone changes energy from one form to another?
the transducer
56
What are the components of the signal processor?
The amplifier, filters, output-limiting circuits, and feedback limiting circuits
57
What increases signal voltage by an amount determined by the gain control?
the amplifier
58
What is the transducer that converts electrical signal to acoustic energy?
The receiver
59
Why is the earmold always custom made?
Because it must fit snuggly to reduce feedback
60
What is feedback?
Squealing or whistling sound produced when the output of the aid is picked up by the mic and reamplified - happens many times per second
61
When does feedback occur?
When the earmold is loose and allows amplified sound to leak out of the ear canal
62
What are the user controls on a hearing aid?
Volume control (Sometimes absent), on-off switch (sometimes just have to open battery), telephone switch
63
What is a T-coil?
A component of a hearing aid that detects speech signals via electromagnetic waves (EMW)
64
What does the mic on a hearing aid detect?
The speakers voice and the ambient noise around the listener.
65
What does the T-coil detect?
Only the speakers voice, music, etc.
66
Why can't a T-coil detect ambient noise?
Because ambient noise is an acoustic signal, and t-coils only detect electromagnetic waves
67
What does T-coil reception maximize?
Signal to noise ratio
68
What is the signal to noise ratio?
The ratio of the signal to the ambient noise in a listener's background
69
What should the S/N ratio be for the hearing impaired?
At least 12 dB
70
How are the internal controls set on a hearing aid?
By an audiologist using a computer program
71
What are the hearing aid tone controls for?
Matching the frequency response of the aid to the users hearing loss
72
In what frequencies does ambient noise tend to be?
The lower frequencies
73
What type of filters do tone controls tend to be?
High-pass filters
74
What two factors are important in regards to output limiting controls?
1. Even a moderate hearing loss may require considerable gain 2. Most people with a SN hearing loss exhibit some degree of recruitment
75
What is recruitment?
An abnormally rapid growth of loudness
76
What is the purpose of a compression circuit?
To reduce the amount of gain as the output signal becomes more intense
77
What is an air conduction aid?
A hearing aid which is coupled to ear canal, amplified sound delivered acoustically to the ear drum
78
What is a bone conduction aid?
An external BTE unit amplifies and transmits vibrations to a screw, bone conduction of vibration to inner ear fluid
79
What is a bone conduction aid used for?
Conductive hearing loss, atresia, unilateral losses, or chronic otitis media
80
What is a middle ear implant?
An electromagnetic (or other transducer) is affixed to the TM or one of the ossicles an dis driven by an external device
81
What are middle ear implants used for?
SN or conductive losses
82
What are the advantages of middle ear implants?
Very efficient, minimize feedback
83
What are the disadvantages of middle ear implants?
They are extremely invasive
84
What is a brainstem implant?
An electrode array that stimulates the cochlear nucleus and is wired to a body-worn processor
85
When is a brainstem implant used?
When VIII is missing or damaged
86
The higher the S/N ratio, the more ______ the listening environment.
Favorable
87
What SN ratio is considered unfavorable for listening with amplification?
Less than 10 dB
88
What is the ideal S/N ratio?
+12 dB
89
What is the S/N ratio of a typical classroom?
0 to +6 dB
90
What is the typical ambient noise level for a classroom and hotel meeting room?
63 dBa, 58 dBa
91
What is the desirable ambient noise level for a classroom and hotel meeting room?
35 dBa, 45 dBa
92
What are the two major problems with environmental acoustics for hearing aid users?
Signal to noise ratio and reverberation
93
What is the optimal reverb time?
less than 0.5 seconds
94
What is the typical reverb time?
avg up to 1.5 seconds
95
What three factors minimize ambient noise and reverb in a room?
1. Use of sound absorbing materials 2. Seating the child away from noise systems 3. Sealing windows and doors to minimize outside noises
96
What is the best solution for S/N problems?
The listener uses an FM device
97
What S/N ratio is possible with an FM device?
+15 dBa
98
What is the FDA age requirement for cochlear implants?
12 mos, though some center do it younger
99
What is the hearing loss level required for cochlear implants?
Profound
100
What do you need to establish when considering cochlear implants for adults?
That performance with implants will be better than performance with hearing aids
101
What is the avg SDT for implant patients?
24-40 dB HL
102
What score do most adult implant users score on open set sentences in speech recognition testing?
70-80 %
103
What score do most adult implant users score on monosyllables in speech recognition testing?
30 - 40%
104
Does cochlear ossification preclude implantation?
No, but it may determine depth
105
How long does the cochlear implant surgical procedure take?
2-5 hours
106
What is recruitment?
The abnormal rapid growth of loudness

Aural Rehab (2 decks)

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