Exam 2 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Estrous female behavior
A
seek out males and initiate copulation; prefer to remain close to males; are more attractive to males
2
Q
Anestrous female behavior
A
will not tolerate male mating behavior; may injure males that get close; are not motivated to mate
3
Q
Stages of female sexual behavior in mice
A
Metestrus, diestrus, proestrus(peak in estrogen), estrus
4
Q
3 components of female sexual behavior
A
Attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity
5
Q
4 brain areas with high levels of estrogen receptors
A
POA, hypothalamus (VMH), pituitary, midbrain
6
Q
Region in brain important for lordosis
A
VMH
7
Q
Region in brain important for lordosis
A
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
8
Q
Amygdala associated with
A
emotion
9
Q
PFC associated with
A
inhibiting emotion
10
Q
Female = fallopian tubes, male =?
A
vans deferens
11
Q
Cells that make the most testosterone in adult males
A
interstitial cells
12
Q
Cells that make the most testosterone in the fetus
A
adrenal gland
13
Q
What is stapled to sterilize men?
A
vans deferens
14
Q
Associated w/ consummatory phase of male sexual behavior
A
mPOA
15
Q
Cryptorchidism
A
Failure of the testes to descend; affects
3–5% of male infants; can result in infertility and increased risk of cancer, but can
be treated very effectively with hormones and/or surgery
16
Q
Testicular cancer
A
Most common cancer in males age 20–35; accounts for 1–2% of all cancers in males; Risk factors include smoking, family history, white race, and cryptorchidism; Early detection results in greater than 90% survival
17
Q
Plays a critical role in modulating female sexual behavior
A
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
18
Q
Attractivity
A
the stimulus value of the female; influenced by estrogen; male chamber test; human females more attracted the male faces while in follicular phase
19
Q
Proceptivity
A
The extent to which the female initiates copulation; influenced by progesterone; ear-wiggling, hop-darting, mounting the male
20
Q
Receptivity
A
Reflects sexually receptive posture of the rat for mating with a male; lordosis; influenced by estrogen
21
Q
Appetitive behavior
A
courtship; behaviors the male uses to gain
access to the female; fighting, advertising, providing food; males spend more time in this phase
22
Q
Consummatory behavior
A
copulation occurs, includes mounting, intromission, ejaculation; associated with mPOA - # of receptors in mPOA evidence for level of sex drive
23
Q
How illness effects sexual behavior
A
Activation of immune system - cytokines released by activated macrophages; Interleukin-1b, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha affect neuroendocrine processes in the hypothalamus and pituitary; inhibit GnRH release and decreases circulating LH; females w/ il-1b less attractive, but does not affect males
24
Q
What increases in size in females during estrus?
A
receptive fields in flanks
25
OVX females & lordosis
implant estradiol into VMH = induced, but weak and low frequency lordosis; implant estradiol + progesterone = induced full lordosis
26
Paced mating
enhanced reproduction; higher dopamine release in nucleus accumbens
27
Nucleus accumbens involved in
reward systems
28
Amphetamines increase
dopamine release in Nucleus accumbens
29
Spermatic chord
holds each testis
30
vas deferens
delivers sperm from the testes to the penis
31
Seminiferous tubules
site of sperm production
32
Sperm travel from seminiferous tubules to the ___ where they are stored
epididymis
33
Post –ejaculatory interval (refractory phase)
Time between ejaculation and next copulatory series; rats 5-15 minutes (range among species seconds to days); unresponsive to pain; not interested in sex
34
Lesions to the POA in male rats
can eliminate male sexual performance (consummatory); motivation unaffected (appetitive); fail to mount females, but will press bars and run mazes to gain
access to females
35
MPA/MPOA involvement in male sexual
| behavior
Contains testosterone and estrogen
receptors; Infusions of T and E into MPA restore copulation in castrated rats; electrical stimulation of MPA induces
copulation; lesions of the MPA disrupt copulation
36
Brain areas involved in interacting effects of pheromones, genital stimulation, and testosterone on male sexual behavior
olfactory bulb -> medial amygdala -> MPOA ->lateral tegmental field
37
MPOA - male sexual behavior
destruction abolishes sexual behavior & mating behavior; mating causes production of Fos protein; injection of T enhances sexual behavior in castrated rats
38
Medial amygdala - male sexual behavior
destruction disrupts sexual behavior & mating behavior; mating causes production of Fos protein
39
Lateral tegmental field - male sexual behavior
Destruction of connections with MPOA disrupts sexual behavior; activity of single neurons increases during male sexual behavior
40
Oxytocin - male
increases likelihood of penile erections,
| speeds latency to ejaculation
41
Oxytocin - female
has effects that depend on normal levels of estrogen/progesterone
42
Dopamine - male
involved in copulation; increases with sexual activity; may facilitate sexual behavior
43
Vasopressin - male
may facilitate sexual behavior
44
Nitric oxide - male
depends on DHT for its ability to promote erections; used for ED
45
Areas that light up when adult males exposed to female pheromones
VTA, AMY, NA, PFC
46
Areas that light up when juvenile males exposed to female pheromones
AMY
47
Signs and symptoms of T levels decreasing in men
Reduced sexual function, reduced muscle bulk, decreased bone density, body hair loss, increased body fat, changes in sleep pattern, etc
48
Side effects of taking T supplements
Sleep apnea, acne, growth of existing prostate cancer, enlarged breasts, shrinkage of testis, increased risk heart disease and blood clots
49
3 main phases of female menstrual cycle
menses, follicular, luteal
50
Menses phase hormones
FSH>LH; Estrogen>Progesterone
51
Follicular phase hormones
LH>FSH; Estrogen>Progesterone; peak in estrogen, LH and FSH
52
Luteal phase hormones
LH>FSH; Progesterone>Estrogen; peak in progesterone
53
Positive feedback loop
Causes a self-amplifying cycle
where a physiological change
leads to even greater change
in the same direction
54
Negative feedback loop
A process in which the body
senses a change, and
activates mechanisms to
reverse that change
55
If no fertilization occurs for egg
corpus luteum regresses; progesterone levels drop off; endometrium sloughs off
56
hCG
promotes growth of corpus luteum; interacts with LH receptor - no more need for ovulation
57
Hormones involved in maintaining pregnancy
hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone
58
Corpus luteum
helps maintain early pregnancy; produces increasing amounts progesterone - prevents contractions; synthesizes estrogen; important for production until 6-7 weeks of pregnancy
59
Hormonal contraceptives
1) Mimic the hormones of the luteal phase to inhibit release of FSH and LH and thereby inhibits ovulation; usually some combination of estrogens and progestins (progesterone)
2) synthetic hormones maintained at low dose - E never high enough to induce spike in LH
3) constant E and P = insufficient thickening of lining
4) production of thick mucus
5) change pattern of muscle contractions
60
Morning after pill
Progestin - keeps a woman's ovaries from releasing eggs, thickens cervical mucus, thins lining of the uterus
61
Perimenopause
Changes begin to happen but woman is still menstruating; E remains constant but P dips; lasts 3-10 years
62
Menopause
When the last period occurs, avg age of 51; P remains low and E fluctuates
63
Postmenopause
One full year after the last period; symptoms normally decline within 2-5 years; P still low, E levels off at lower level than before menopause
64
Hormone replacement therapy - women
Better to start soon after menopause than later; Benefits = relief from menopausal symptoms like night sweats, hot flashes, vaginal discomfort, reduced risk of colon cancer, heart disease and osteoporosis; Risks = higher when started later; heart disease, stroke, blot clots, breast cancer
65
Anabolic steroid uses
Initially used in medicine to treat
hypogonadism; Current medicinal purposes = treating delayed puberty, impotence and muscle deterioration brought upon by HIV infection; used for performance enhancement (increased strength, body weight)
66
Side effects of anabolic steroids in men
Severe acne, liver damage, cancer, male breast development, depression, shrinkage of testis, extreme aggression, high BP, cardiovascular disease, impotency
67
Side effects of anabolic steroids in women
Acne, excessive hairiness, deepening of the voice, male pattern balding, clitoromegaly, breast atrophy, irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, significant muscle growth, depression, mood instability
68
"mosaic brain"
It is impossible for the brain to take on a uniform “maleness” or “femaleness”; the brain is a mix of relative degrees of masculinization in some areas and feminization in others
69
Sex differences in brain morphology within humans
Anterior commissure - larger in F; corpus callosum - larger posterior in F; Massa intermedia - larger in F; INAH3 - larger in males
70
Biological links to sexual orientation
Genetic - twin studies, x-inactivation skewing
| Immunological - fraternal birth order effect; Hormonal - DES; girls with CAH, AIS, phenobarbital taken by mother
71
Fraternal birth order effect
more older brothers = higher chance of homosexuality; progressive immunization of the mother bearing male embryos against a male antigen; antibodies would accumulate over successive pregnancies and increasingly interfere with the development of the embryonic brain of subsequent sons
72
DES - Diethylstilbestrol
Estrogen-like substance meant to prevent miscarriage; caused slightly elevated
risk of cervical cancer and also increased the chance of bisexuality or homosexuality in girls
73
Anatomical differences in gender orientation
INAH-3 was smaller in women and homosexual men contrasted to
heterosexual men; anterior commissure larger in heterosexual women and
homosexual men contrasted to heterosexual
men
74
Anatomical differences in transgender individuals (does not differ based on homosexuality)
BNST (larger in males than females) - trans women BNST resemble female; INAH3 (larger in men) - trans women INAH3 smaller and resemble female; sensorimotor network activity (higher in females than males) - trans children activity resembled their desired gender
75
Hormones important for shaping brain and sex differences in rodents and in humans
```
rodents = postnatal
humans = prenatal
```
76
Females better at these specific cognitive abilities
Perception and fine motor skills: perceptual speed, displacement of objects, word recall, calculation, pegs in holes, etc.
77
Males better at these specific cognitive abilities
Spatial and large motor skills: mathematical reasoning, finding shapes, rotating 3D objects, paper hole punch/folding, etc.
78
Frequent gamers have a larger ___, which is a ____ center in the brain linked to emotional and motivational
aspects of behavior
ventral striatum; reward
79
Male/female difference in brain areas for navigation tasks
Men - right hippocampus; Women - right parietal and prefrontal cortices
80
Male/female difference in brain areas for language
```
Males use one side while female use both sides of brain' – male stroke patients have more verbal impairments after damage to
left hemisphere (stroke); estradiol decreases stroke induced damage
```
81
Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease
1 in 6 women, 1 in 11 men; women diagnosed more but men who are diagnosed have more severe form and lower survival rate
82
Sex difference in digit ratio
2D:4D ratio; <1 in men (larger D4); > or =1 in women; due to ratio of T vs. E; 4D is more sensitive to hormone exposure; homosexual females and women w/ CAH - ratio similar to males
83
Sex differences in mental health disorders
Tend to see earlier developmental disorders in males (ADHD, autism, schizo) & later developmental disorders in females (Alzheimers, depression, anxiety, eating disorders)
84
Degrees of social interaction
Solitary - only socialize for mating
Gregarious - unstable groups, cooperate for some activities
Social - complex social rules, stable group membership, memory of interaction, individual recognition, approach and affiliative behavior
85
Affiliation
Behaviors used in formation and maintenance of social bonds: mother-offspring; pair-bonding for reproduction; group-level cohesion
86
Monogamy
Mating system with a prolonged association
between a male and female with a tendency
toward an exclusive mating relationship.
Often a pair-bond forms between the male and female such that each shows a preference for their partner over another individual.
87
Vasopressin receptors
V1a - vasoconstriction, social behavior
V1b - ACTH secretion
V2 - antidiuretic function
88
Oxytocin can jump start ___ behavior
Maternal: OT binds to neurons in AC and suppress "neural noise" that might obscure baby's cry; Rats - isolated pup crying experiment, exp mothers retrieved pup but not virgin females; virgin females given OT = increased prob for retrieving pup
89
Partner preference & vasopressin
inject VP into male brain in rats induces partner preference; CSF/OT controls show no preference
90
VP receptor difference in monogamous vs. polygamous species
Strong VP receptor (V1aR) expression in ventral pallidum of mono prairie voles but not poly meadow voles
91
Introducing V1aR into ventral pallidum of meadow voles via viral vector =
increased preference for partner but not stranger (monogamous-like behavior in a poly species)
92
____ is associated with male affiliative behavior
Vasopressin
93
____ is associated with female affiliative behavior
Oxytocin
94
Pair bonding/social bonding in female rats - brain areas
Nucleus accumbens, PFC
95
Pair-bonding is impaired in individuals with
addiction
96
Oxytocin may inhibit motivation to
| consume
Meth
97
Intranasal Vasopressin
In men stimulates antagonist facial motor
patterns to unfamiliar faces, decreases perception of friendliness; In women - stimulates affiliative facial motor patterns and increases perception of friendliness
98
Oxytocin correlates with level of
perceived trust
