exam 2

Question 1

Nominalism

Answer 1

do not use reason to explain faith. faith- God, reason- the world

Question 2

renaissance: humanism and ad fontes

Answer 2

rebirth of European culture
humanism- paying attention to individual human experience
ad fontes- to the fountain, to go back to original source

Question 3

vulgate

Answer 3

common language, Latin bible

Question 4

Erasmus’s Greek New Testament

Answer 4

original language, not vulgate, not a translation

Question 5

Protestant

Answer 5

Lutheran, reformed tradition, Anabaptist, English reformation

Question 6

sacrament of penance: contrition, confession, absolution, satisfaction (penance)

Answer 6

ritual in Catholic Church (7) deals with forgiveness
Contrition- feeling sorry for sins/wanting to do better
confession- tell priest what sins you committed
absolution- forgiveness from God (not priest)
Satisfaction (penance)- doing something to make up for damage of sin (penalty and repair)

Question 7

Purgatory

Answer 7

if you die and haven’t completed penance you go to purgatory. - purification / penalty for sin payed by suffering (fire)

Question 8

indulgences

Answer 8

person paying money to church in order to cancel penalty of sin, could be preventatively

Question 9

Pope Leo X

Answer 9

wants to raise money for church to build St. Peter’s Basilica

Question 10

Albert of Mainz

Answer 10

wants to raise money because he bribed to get position of bishop- in debt

Question 11

John Tetzel

Answer 11

hired to sell indulgences, best seller. all three split profits

Question 12

Pluralism

Answer 12

bishop Albert of Mainz was bishop of 2 diocese.

Question 13

simony

Answer 13

bishop albert of Mainz paid to be put in church position

Question 14

95 Theses: major ideas in Marin Luther’s criticism of indulgences

Answer 14

reaction to selling of indulgences. repentance vs sacrament of penance, indulgences are BS they corrupt the greedy church just do contrition, better to do good works than to buy indulgences, if Pope had power to get people out of purgatory why does he not get everyone out

Question 15

justification

Answer 15

to make right- salvation. humans being sorry made right in terms of relationship to God

Question 16

Augustine’s view of salvation vs Pelagius

Answer 16

augustine- original sin, no free will, salvation is a gift

pelagius- humans have free will, salvation is earned

Question 17

Augustine’s view of predestination

Answer 17

before we are born, God has already chosen who he will save

Question 18

View of justification in late scholastic theology

Answer 18

relationship w/ God. Both contribute. God does most of salvation, human has to do their best to live a good life

Question 19

Luther’s biographical account of “the righteousness of God”

Answer 19

old view- he doubts he does enough good, doubts if he can be saved, salvation is earned, punishment, good works, satisfaction, active righteousness
new view- salvation is a gift, God’s mercy, passive righteousness, have faith, born again

Question 20

Sola fide

Answer 20

faith alone. justification by faith alone. salvation is a gift

Question 21

Martin Luther’s understanding of faith

Answer 21

feeling of trust, passive reception of God’s gift, personal relationship like a marriage, not just an intellectual concept a happy exchange

Question 22

Sola Scriptura

Answer 22

scripture alone. scripture is the only single source for everything christians say and do

Question 23

consequences of the principle of sola scriptura in Protestant churches

Answer 23

scripture has more authority than any other source of faith (creeds, writings of theologians), translation of bible into vernacular (common language), focal point of worship is bible less eucharist

Question 24

differences in canon of scripture in Catholic and protestant churches

Answer 24

catholic- has 7 additional books in OT (apocrypha)

protestant- does not have apocrypha

Question 25

apocrypha

Answer 25

7 books in catholic OT

Question 26

septuagint

Answer 26

bible translated into Greek with apocrypha

Question 27

number of sacraments in catholic and protestant churches

Answer 27

catholic- 7 (baptism, eucharist, confirmation, reconciliation, anointing of sick, marriage, holy orders) protestant- 2 (baptism and eucharist)

Question 28

Luther's understanding of the function of sacraments

Answer 28

only two are found in scripture justification- sola fide, passively receiving, trust in God sacraments help strengthen our faith

Question 29

real presence in Eucharist

Answer 29

are bread and wine really physically the body and blood? "this is my body, this is my blood"

Question 30

medieval catholic church's understanding of eucharist

Answer 30

transubstantiation- change of substance. affirms real presence accidents- external appearance of object substance- inner reality

Question 31

Luther's understanding of eucharist

Answer 31

consubstantiation- two substances together. affirms real presence

Question 32

luther's criticism of medieval Catholic Church view of eucharist

Answer 32

sola scriptura (this is my body, this is my blood), just believe, cant use reason to explain faith

Question 33

iconoclastic reform in Zurich

Answer 33

no icons in Catholic Church, no visual decoration, no color in clothes, no music, stripped churches to bare minimum

Question 34

Heidelberg catechism on images in worship

Answer 34

bible prohibits idolatry- 10 commandments | in church, all attention is focused on bible (preaching)

Question 35

Ulrich Zwingli's understanding of Eucharist

Answer 35

memorialism- denies real presence, a way to remember Jesus dying for us. says Jesus speaks in metaphors

Question 36

John Calvin: double predestination

Answer 36

before we exist God has chosen who to save and who to damn to hell

Question 37

sovereignty of God

Answer 37

god controls everything, took worry away from people

Question 38

anabaptist

Answer 38

Switzerland. mennonites, amish. the re-baptizers. called themselves swiss-brethmen. harshly prosecuted by other christian churches

Question 39

Schleitheim Confession of Faith: major ideas of Anabaptist theology

Answer 39

1. believers baptism- only be baptized when you chose to be, must believe first 2. the ban- church community should be a community of pure people within 3. separation of the world- keep separate from world (evil) pacifism- violence is not allowed

Question 40

King Henry VIII

Answer 40

wanted an annulment from first wife in order to make an heir. he couldn't have a surviving boy with first wife. pope refuses annulment

Question 41

act of supremacy

Answer 41

Henry passes law that king is now head of the church of England

Question 42

Anglican, Episcopal churches

Answer 42

queen is head of church. split from catholic

Question 43

Anglican Church as "middle way"

Answer 43

combined elements of catholic and protestant churches. king James version of bible- translated to English

Question 44

purpose of council of Trent

Answer 44

reaffirm Catholic ideas in response to protestant ideas (against), reforms made within Catholic Church

Question 45

council of Trent on justification, scripture, and sacraments

Answer 45

justification- salvation is a process, its begins when God saves a person, begins with a gift then it is up to you. regeneration- to become a new, god gives gift makes us into a holy person up to us to cooperate scripture- scripture and tradition, says only bible is vulgate (latin), canon of scripture- says apocrypha needs to stay in bible sacraments- reaffirms 7 sacraments, reaffirms transubstantiation

Question 46

reforms enacted by the council of Trent

Answer 46

eliminates position of indulgence seller, need to educate people on faith- train priests in order for them to educate others about faith seminaries- schools used to train priests