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Cell Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(40 cards)

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1
Q

Glycolysis Reaction Equation

A

glucose + 2ATP
->
2 pyruvate + 2(H2O) + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+

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2
Q

G3P

A
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

- Input to Energy Payout Phase of Glycolysis

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3
Q

NADH

A
  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

- Electron carrier

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4
Q

Glycolysis Phases

A

Energy Investment Phase -> 2ATP input

Energy Payout Phase -> 4ATP output

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5
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A
  • Part of Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis
  • Phosphorylates Fructose-6-Phosphate into Fructose-1-6-Phosphate
  • Regulated
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6
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation Reaction Equation

A

2 pyruvate
->
2 acetyl-CoA + 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2NADH

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7
Q

Transferring electron carriers

A

NAD cannot cross mitochondrial membrane, so only electrons get transferred and reduces a NAD or FAD already on the other side of the membrane.

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8
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Equation

A

2 acetyl-CoA + 2H2O
->
2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 4CO2

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9
Q

Oxaloacetate

A
  • 4C Molecule recycled between cycles of the Krebs cycle

- Reacts with Acetyl-CoA (2C) to form Citrate (6C)

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10
Q

GTP

A
  • Intermediate energy carrier, used to produce ATP

- Produced in reaction from succinyl-CoA to succinate in Krebs cycle

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11
Q

Electron Transport Chain electron flow

A 
NADH -> Complex 1, pump 4H
FADH2 -> Complex 2
(1,2) -> Ubiquinone (or Coenzyme Q)
CoQ -> Complex 3, pump 4H
3 -> Cytochrome-c
CytC -> Complex 4, pump 2H
4 -> 2H+ 1/2O2 -> H2O
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12
Q

ETC Product

A

NADH -> 10H+
FADH -> 6H+
4H+ produces 1 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Experimentally, 1 glucose produces 25 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

Protein Metabolism

A

Hydrolysis -> Deamination (eliminate NH2 through urine)
Various parts of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle
Produces < 30 ATP per amino acid

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14
Q

Lipid Metabolism

A

Hydrolysis -> Glycerol + Fatty Acid Chains
Glycerol -> G3P -> Glycolysis or Glycogenesis
Fatty Acid Chains -> Acetyl CoA -> Citric Acid Cycle
Produces > 30 ATP per lipid

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15
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Pyruvate -> Acetylaldehyde + CO2 -(NADH)> Ethanol

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16
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Pyruvate -(NADH)-> Lactate

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17
Q

Mitochondria Parts

Study These Flashcards
A

Mitochondrial Matrix
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
Cristae

18
Q

Photosynthesis Light Reaction Electron Flow

Study These Flashcards
A 
PS2 [
  Chlorophyll A -> Primary Electron Acceptor -> 
    Plastoquinone, 
  H2O -> Chlorophyll A
]
ETC 1 [
  PQ -> Cytochrome C (Pumps 4H) 
  CytC -> Plastocyanine
  PC -> PS1 
] 
PS1 [
 Chlorophyll A -> Primary Electron Acceptor -> Ferodoxin
]
ETC 2 [
  (noncyclic)
  FD -> NADPH Reductase -> NADP+
  (cyclic)
  FD -> CytC (Pumps 4H)
]
19
Q

Photosystems

Study These Flashcards
A

All have

  • reaction center with Chlorophyll A & Primary Electron Acceptor
  • many chlorophylls that are excited by light energy

PS2

  • P680
  • electrons from water
  • pass electrons to Plastoquinone

PS1

  • P700
  • electrons from Plastocyanin
  • pass electrons to Ferredoxin
20
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation in Chloroplast

Study These Flashcards
A

Cytochrome C pumps 4H per electron pair that pass through it, from Stroma into the Thylakoid Space
ATP Synthase uses gradient to produce one ATP per 4H

21
Q

Light Reaction Balanced Equation

Study These Flashcards
A

8 photons + 2(H2O) -> 2ATP + O2 + 9NADPH

22
Q

Calvin Cycle Balanced Reaction

Study These Flashcards
A

3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH -> G3P + 8ADP

23
Q

Calvin Cycle Phases

Study These Flashcards
A

3CO2 + 3RuBP + 6ATP -> 6(3-PGA)

6(3-PGA) + 6NADPH -> 5G3P + 1G3P

5G3P + 3ATP -> 3RuBP

24
Q

Chloroplast Anatomy

Study These Flashcards
A

Double membrane

  • Stroma
    • Thylakoid (grouped by Grana)
      • Thylakoid Membrane
        • Thylakoid Space
25
Photorespiration
- Input to Calvin cycle is O2 (instead of CO2) - Output is CO2 - Does not promote plant growth, and generally selected against in evolution - Happens more in dry and hot environments
26
C3 vs C4 vs CAM
``` C3 ------ Normal 90% of plants Stomata closed during the night, opened during the day ``` C4 & CAM - ----- - PEP + CO2 -(PEP carboxylase)-> oxaloacetate -> maltate -> pyruvate + CO2 - pyruvate -> PEP C4 - ------ - Stomata closed during the night, opened during the day - Carbon fixation happens in Mesophyll - Calvin cycle happens in Bundle sheath, protected from O2 - Less photorespiration CAM - ----- - Stomata closed during the day, opened at night - Carbon fixation happens during the night - Calvin cycle happens during the day - Much less photorespiration
27
Gibbs Free Energy Equation
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS Positive ΔG is endergonic, non-spontaneous Negative ΔG is exergonic, spontaneous
28
Muscle Contraction Steps
1. ATP binds to Myosin protein, releases Myosin from Actin 2. ATP hydrolyses to ADP, cocks Myosin to next "actin rung" 3. P leaves Myosin, power stroke, muscle contraction 4. ADP leaves
29
Muscle Contraction Regulation
Low Ca ++ ion contraction -> Tropomyosin blocks myosin from acting High Ca++ ion contraction -> Binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin out of the way, enabling myosin from travelling up the actin filament Ca++ ion channels in muscle fibers regulate the action
30
Rigor Mortis cause
Calcium channels open, diffuse into cells, activate myosin/actin complexes, but no new ATP keeps myosin from releasing, causing stiff/contracted muscles.
31
Nucleoside
Nucleotide minus the phosphate group
32
Nucleotide
(P) - 5 - 4 - 3 - (P) 3 - 2 - 1 - (N) (P) to 3 is phosphodiester bond 2 has either OH or H (ribose, dioxyribose)
33
Nitrogenous Bases
Types --------- A - G are purines (big molecules) C - T - U are pyrimidines Complementary Pairing ----------- G - C have 3 h-bonds between each-other A - T have 2 h-bonds
34
DNA Experiments
Griffith - S/R pneumonia on mice, found source of heredity Avery - DNA vs RNA vs Protein Hershey & Chase - Tagged DNA in phase Chargaff - A = T, C = G Watson,Crick,Franklin - DNA double strand structure, crystallography
35
DNA Replication
Semi-conservative model - Each strand independently copied
36
DNA Replication Act 1
Helicase unwinds DNA strands from origin - specific sequence of DNA, different between organisms Single-Strand Binding Protein - stabilizes strands, helping them stay separated by putting tension Topoisomerase - breaks DNA, unwind tension, reattaches, to relieve tension outside of replication bubble RNA Primase - creates RNA primer that acts as attachment site for DNA Polymerase 3 (RNA complementary pairing with DNA) - on origin (same place at Helicase) - one on each strand
37
DNA Replication Act 2
DNA Polymerase 3 - attaches to RNA primer - elongates it, builds daughter strand using DNA nucleotides from 5' to 3' - energy comes from release of phosphate from nucleoside triphosphates Leading Strand replicated in continuous manner Lagging Strand replicates in chunks (Okasagi fragment) - many RNA primers are made on the lagging strand
38
DNA Replication Act 3
DNA Polymerase 1 - replaces RNA with DNA DNA Ligase joins everything together "Maintenance Enzymes" looking for errors (bumps) - in case of error, send Nuclease which cuts and removes error - DNA Polymerase 1 replaces - DNA Ligase joins them
39
Prok/Euka Difference for DNA Replication
Prokaryotic - Circular - 1 origin of replication - 2 DNA Polymerases Eukaryotic - Linear - Multiple origins of replication - >17 DNA Polymerases - requires telomeres
40
Telomeres
Hanging ends created by last RNA Primer removal, so DNA would get shorter and shorter as it replicates Telomerase - creates protective cap (telomere) of TTAGGG at each end of each strand Some cells preserve telomerase (renew their telomeres), and some don't. - when no more telomere, no replication allowed Cancers eat into telomeres, or perhaps turn back on telomerase

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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