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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is Lipid a monomer or polymer?

A

Monomer

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2
Q

Is Starch a monomer or polymer?

A

Polymer

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3
Q

The principal polysaccharide in the plant cell was is:

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

________ is a secondary metabolite responsible for adding compressive strength, stiffness, and waterproofing to the plant cell wall.

A

Lignin

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5
Q

The first alkoloid to be ID’d was:

A

Morphine

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6
Q

What two things largely make up cell membranes?

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer

2. Proteins

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7
Q

Where are tonoplasts found?

A

In the central vacuole

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8
Q

Leucoplasts that synthesize starch are known as:

A

Amyloplasts

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9
Q

What organelle has a large function in photorespiration?

A

Peroxisome

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10
Q

What is matter?

A

Something that:

  • has mass
  • occupies space
  • is composed of elements
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11
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means.

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12
Q

___ elements make up ___% of the weight of all living things.

What are those elements?

A
  • 6
  • 99%
I. Carbon
II. Nitrogen
III. Hydrogen
IV. Oxygen
V. Potassium
VI. Sulfur
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13
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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14
Q

What makes a molecule an organic molecule?

A

It must be carbon based.

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15
Q

What are the 4 macro-molecules we discussed in class?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
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16
Q

What are the 3 molecular bond types we discussed in class?

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Covalent
  3. Hydrogen
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17
Q

What is the strongest type of molecular bond? Weakest? One in the middle?

A

Strongest: Ionic
Weakest: Hydrogen
In the Middle: Covalent

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18
Q

How does an Ionic bond work?

Example:

A

Gaining or losing electrons

-Na+Cl-

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19
Q

How does a covalent bond work?

Example:

A

Sharing of electrons

-CH4

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20
Q

How does a hydrogen bond work?

Example:

A

double bonds form

-H2O–H2O

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21
Q

What is a polymer?

A

When 2 or more monomers bond together.

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22
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A molecule that can bond to other identical monomers to form a polymer.

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23
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The removal of water during the formation of a bond.

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24
Q

What is hydrolysis? When does it occur?

A

Is the adding of water during the formation of a bond. Occurs when hydrogen becomes attached to 1 monomer and a hydroxyl group.

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25
What is a hydroxyl group
OH
26
_____________ is the most abundant type of macro-molecule found in nature.
Carbohydrates
27
What are monosaccharides? How many carbons are usually found in their "backbone"?
Simples sugars with backbones of 3 to 7 carbon atoms with 6 being the most common.
28
``` What are 4 examples that are: A. Carbohydrates B. Sugars C. Monomers D. Monosaccharides ```
- Glyceraldehyde - Ribose - Glucose - Fructose
29
What is are Isomers? What are two examples?
Molecules with identical atom types and numbers (same chemical formula) but different structures and shapes. -Glucose and Fructose
30
What are Disaccharides? How do they form?
2 monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.
31
What are two examples of Disaccharides?
- Sucrose | - Maltose
32
What are polysaccharides?
Several to many monosaccharides bonded together.
33
What are four examples of polysaccharides? What are their purposes?
- Cellulose- structural material - Starch- energy storage - Amylose- unbranched - Amylopectin- branched
34
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
To store energy
35
_______ makes up the plant cell wall.
Cellulose
36
What are lipids? They are mostly ______ in water.
fatty or oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water.
37
Lipids store ____x as much energy as carbohydrates.
2x
38
What is a saturated lipid (fat)?
One that contains no double bonds.
39
What is an unsaturated lipid (fat)?
One that has at least 1 double bond between carbon atoms.
40
What is a tryglyceride? Example?
Fat and oil molecules consisting of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol. Palmitic Acid, Linolenic Acid, and Oleic Acid bonded to gycesol
41
What are waxes?
Lipids containing long chained fatty acids bonded to long chain alcohols rather than glycerol.
42
What are 2 examples of a wax?
- Cutin | - Suberin
43
What is the purpose of waxes in plants?
To prevent water loss (from leaves), are also cell comonenets.
44
What are phospholipids?
They are constructed like fats, but 1 of the fatty acids are usually replaced by a phosphate group.
45
Phospholipids are ______ in respect to water.
Hydrophyllic on the head and hydrophobic on the tail.
46
What does it mean to be hydrophyllic?
Attracted to water
47
What does it mean to be hydrophobic?
Repulsed by water
48
What are proteins? What do they do?
Made up of amino acids. Regulate chemical reactions within cells.
49
What are amino acids?
2 functional groups + an R group
50
How many amino acids are used in our genetic code?
20
51
What are polypeptides?
Chains of amino acids
52
What is a primary structure?
A sequence of amino acids fastened together by peptide bonds.
53
What is a secondary structure?
The coiling of polypeptide chains.
54
What is a tertiary structure?
They are maintained by coils between R groups
55
What is a quaternary structure?
Occurs when a protein has more than one kind of polypeptide.
56
What are enzymes?
Mostly large, complex proteins that function as organic catalyists under specific conditions.
57
What do enzymes do? How do enzymes work? What determines if an enzyme will work or not?
Catalyze reactions in organisms (plants).By temporarily lowering the required amount of energy (energy of activation) for a reaction to occur. -Shape of the reactant and shape of the enzyme
58
What are nucleic acids?
very large complex polymers.
59
What do nucleic acids do?
Assist communication and cell function.
60
What are nucleic acids made up of?
A nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.
61
What are two examples of nucleic acids?
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | - Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
62
What is the difference in DNA and RNA?
DNA is RNA composed of nucleotides (monomers)
63
What are primary metabolites?
Molecules that are found in all plant cells and are necessary for the life of plants.
64
What are secondary metabolites?
Molecules that are restricted in their distribution both within the plants and among the different species of plants.
65
What are the 3 functions of secondary metabolites?
- chemical signals - defense - competition
66
Where are secondary metabolites store?
Primarily in the vacuoles
67
What is an example of a secondary metabolite? What does it do?
Phytoalexins- is produced after a plant is wounded.
68
What are alkaloids?
alkaline nitrogenous compounds
69
What are 5 examples of alkaloids?
- Morphine - Cocaine - Caffeine - Atropine - Nicotine
70
What are the 3 secondary metabolites?
- Alkoloids - Terpenoids - Phenolics
71
What are terpenoids? Where do they occur?
compounds composed of isoprene units. In all plants.
72
Which secondary metabolite is the largest class?
Terpenoids
73
What are the 4 examples of terpenoids?
- Essential oils (mints) - Taxol (from yew species, is anti cancer) - Rubber (latex) - Cardiac glycocides (foxglove plants)
74
What plant produces cardiac glycosides?
Milkweed
75
What are phenolics?
Compounds containing a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring.
76
What are four examples of phenolics?
- Flavonoids (water soluble pigments) - tannins (herbivore deterrents, pines produce) - Lignins (cell wall deposit) - Salicyclic acids (active ingredient in Aspirin)- willows produce
77
Who 1st discovered cells? When?
- Robert Hooke | - 1665
78
When was cell theory developed?
1838
79
Who developed cell theory?
Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
80
What are the 3 principles of cell theory?
- all living organisms are composed of cells - cells form a unifying structural basis of organization - all cells arise only from existing cells
81
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell lacking a nucleus.
82
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A cell with a nucleus.
83
Eukaryotic cells are typically ____ to ____ times bigger than Prokaryotic cells.
5 to 10x
84
What are organelles?
Membrane-bound bodies found within eukaryotic cells.
85
How do prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes) divide?
Binary Fission
86
What are the 9 large parts of a cell?
- Cell Wall - Plasma Membrane - Nuclear Envelope - Nucleus - Nucleolus - Starch grains (within chloroplasts) - Chloroplasts - Mitochondria - Central Vacuole
87
The cell wall surrounds the _______ and is bound by the __________________.
- protoplasm | - plasma membrane
88
What is a polar molecule?
A covalently bonded molecule that is sharing unevenly thus it is polar leaving the stronger end with a + charge and the weaker end with a - charge.
89
What is a nonpolar molecule?
A covalently bonded molecule that is sharing evenly.
90
What is the cytoplasm of a cell?
Everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
91
What is cytosol?
The fluid within the cytoplasm that contains the organelles.
92
What is the protoplasm?
It contains all living cell components.
93
What is the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids arranged in 2 layers with proteins interspersed throughout.
94
What is a fluid-mosaic structure?
Phospholipids + proteins + carbohydrate chains
95
What is the nucleus? What occupys 1/3 of the surface area?
Bound by 2 membranes (has double membrane), which together constitute the nuclear envelope. -structurally complex pores
96
What are nucleoli composed primarily of?
RNA
97
What forms choromosomes? How so?
Chromatin strands | they coil
98
What are ribosomes? Where are they assembled?
composed of 2 subunits that are composed of RNA and proteins. -in the nucleolus
99
Which organelle is the only one that is naked?
Ribosomes
100
What is the most conspicous plastid?
Chloroplasts
101
Chloroplasts have a ____ membrane
double
102
Chloroplasts contain _____ and ______. They are?
stroma and grana Stroma- enzyme filled matrix grana- made up of thylakoids
103
What contain chlorphyll?
Thylakoid membranes.
104
Where can DNA be extracted from within plants?
- Nucleus - Chloroplasts - Mitochondria
105
Bright light equals _____ collection and dim light equals ____ collection by chloroplasts.
- less | - more
106
What are chromoplasts?
plastids that synthesize carotenoid pigments. Give color to things.
107
What are leucoplasts?
Plastids that have two subtypes/
108
What are the 2 subtypes of leucoplasts?
Amyloplasts and elaioplasts
109
What do amyloplasts do?
synthesize starch
110
What do elaioplasts do?
synthesize oils
111
___________ are found in the dividing cells of roots and stems.
Protoplastids.
112
What do mitochondria do?
release energy produced from cellular respiration.
113
Mitochondria have how many membranes?
2 (double)
114
What are microbodies?
small bodies with a single membrane distributed throughout the cytoplasm with contain specialized enzymes.
115
What are the 2 microbodies? What do they do?
- Peroxisomes: serve in photorespiration | - Glyoxisomes: aid in converting fat to carbohydrates
116
When do plants use photorespiration? How is it generally regarded in plants?
Only when CO2 is unavailable. | It is wasteful
117
In mature cells, ____% of volume may be taken up by the central vacuole.
90
118
How many membranes does the vacuole have?
1 (single)
119
Endoplasmic Reticulum is:
a network of internal connected membranes that facilitate cellular communication and material chanelling.
120
What are the 2 parts of the ER? What do they do?
- Smooth ER: secrete lipids | - Rough ER: synthesize proteins
121
What is the golgi apparatus also known as?
Dictysomes
122
What is the golgi apparatus and what is its function?
1. Flattened sacs that are stacked. 2. -Involved in modification of carbs and proteins. - Assemble polysaccharides - migrate to plasma membrane and secrete contents to outside.
123
What is the cytoskeleton?
intricate network of microtubes (tubulins) and microfilaments (actins)
124
What do microtubules do within the cytoskeleton?
control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall.
125
What do microfilaments do within the cytoskeleton?
move cells or cell contents and help determine cell shape.
126
What is responsible for cytoplasmic streaming?
cytoskeleton
127
What makes up the cell wall?
- Mainly cellulose | - Also has hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins
128
What are 5 polysaccharides?
- cellulose - hemicellulose - pectin - glycoproteins - lignin
129
What are the functions of the cell wall?
- protect cell and prevent rupture - give shape and size - absorb things
130
What is the structure of the cell wall?
- Middle Lamella (Outside) - Primary Walls (middle) - Secondary walls (Inside)
131
What is produced first when cell walls are formed? Out of what?
middle lamella, pectin
132
What is primary cell wall made of?
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins.
133
What is secondary cell wall formed from?
lignin by thickening of primary walls.
134
What are the 2 meristematic tissues?
Apical | Lateral
135
What are the 2 types of tissues? What is the difference?
simple- composed of 1 type of cell | complex- composed of multiple cell types
136
Where does apical growth occur?
at the top and roots
137
Where does lateral growth occur?
Around the stem (increases diameter
138
What are meristems?
Permanent regions of active cell division (growing points).
139
What are 3 types of Apical Meristems? What are their primary tissues?
- protoderm: epidermis - ground meristem: ground tissues - procambium: primary xylem and primary phloem
140
What are the 2 types of Lateral Meristems? What do they do?
- Vascular Cambium: produce secondary tissues that support and conduct. - Cork Cambium: live outside vasc. camb. and inside outer bark.
141
Grasses and related plants do not have ______ or ________ but do have apical meristems in the vicinity of the nodes.
vascular cambium or cork cambium
142
What are Intercalary meristems?
the develop at intervals along stems where they add to stem length.
143
What are the goals of simple tissues?
to store food and water.
144
What are 3 examples of simple tissues?
Parenchyma, Aerenchyma, and Collennchyma
145
What is the function of Collenchyma?
provide flexible support for young organs.
146
What is the function of sclerenchyma? Contain:
Provide rigid support. | -Sclereids and fibers
147
What is the function of parenchyma?
Store food and water.
148
What is the xylem? Function? What is it made of?
the primary conducting/vascular tissues for water and minerals absorbed by roots. Made up of tracheary elements, fibers, and parenchyma cells.
149
What are two classes of tracheary elements? What do they look like? What are each common in?
- vessel elements: long tubes with open ends * common in flowering plants (angiosperms) - tracheids: long tubes with closed ends * common in non-flowering plants (gymnosperms)
150
What is a perforation plate?
Divits in the cell wall of vessel elements and tracheids.
151
What is the phloem function?
Conduct dissolved food materials produced from photosynthesis throughout the plant.
152
What makes up the phloem?
Sieve elements, sclereids, fibers, and parenchyma cells.
153
What are the 2 sieve elements? What are they? (function/appearance)
- sieve tube elements: large cylindrical cells without secondary walls. - companion cells: narrow tapered cells with nuclei
154
How thick are most epidermis' in plants?
1 cell
155
What is secreted by the epidermis in plants? Why?
cutin, to form cuticle which helps with water retention
156
What is the periderm?
Makes up outer bark on woody plants. Composed of cork cells.

Botany (3 decks)

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