Exam 3 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the primary roots?(4)
A
- Anchorage
- Absorption
- Storage
- Conduction
2
Q
What were the 2 types of root systems?
A
- Taproot system
- Fiberous Root system
3
Q
Is the taproot a primary root?
A
yes
4
Q
What does the taproot develop from?
A
radicle
5
Q
What type of plants are taproots found in?
A
Eudicots
6
Q
What do fiberous root systems develop from?
A
The stem
7
Q
What type of plants are fiberous root systems found in?
A
Monocots
8
Q
What is an example of a taproot plant?
A
Carrot (Daucus carota)
9
Q
What are 5 examples of fiberous root plants?
A
- Monelo
- Blazing Star
- Wiregrass
- Mesquite
- Oats
10
Q
What plant with fiberous roots was found to have roots over 175ft deep?
A
Mesquite
11
Q
What parts of the root are meristematic? (3)
A
- Protoderm
- Procambium
- Ground Meristem
12
Q
What surrounds the bottom of a growing root?
A
Mucigel sheath
13
Q
What is the rod cap?
A
A thimble shaped mass of living parenchyma cells covering each root tip.
14
Q
What is the function of the root cap?(3)
A
- protect tissue from damage
- function in gravity perception (columella)
- lubricate roots (mucigel sheath)
15
Q
What is the region of cell division?
A
Is composed of the apical meristem in the center of the root tip.
16
Q
What is the function of the region of cell division?
A
-most cell division occurs here at the edge of the inverted cup-shaped zone
17
Q
What is the structure of the region of cell division?
A
-cubical cells with nuclei in the center and a few very small vacuoles.
18
Q
Are the Xylem and Phloem meristematic?
A
NO
19
Q
- ) In both _______ and _______, the apical meristem (region of cell division) divides into how many areas?
- ) What are they?
- ) Are they meristematic?
A
1-roots, stems
2-protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
3-yes!
20
Q
What is the protoderm?
A
Dermal Tissue (epidermis)
21
Q
What is the ground meristem?
A
Ground Tissues (Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells)
22
Q
What is the procambium?
A
Vascular tissues (primary xylem and primary phloem)
23
Q
What happens in the region of elongation?(2)
A
- Cells become several times their original lengths.
- Vacuoles merge
24
Q
What happens in the region of maturation?(5)
A
- Most cells differentiate into various distinct cell types.\
- root hairs form
- water and minerals are absorbed
- it adheres tightly to soil particles
- has thin cuticle
25
What is the cortex made of?
mostly parenchyma cells
26
What occurs in the cortex?
mostly used for food storage
27
What is food stored in?
Starch grains
28
What is contained within the cortex?-
- endodermis
| - casparian strips
29
Where is the only place endodermis is found?
Within the roots
30
What are casparian strips?
Cells walls impregnated with suberin
31
What do casparian strips do?
force all water and dissolved substances to pass through plasma membranes
32
Where are casparian strips located?
On all 4 sides of endodermal cell wall.
33
What is buttercup scientific name and what type of plant is it?
- Ranunculus
| - Eudicot
34
What is the epidermis made of ?
Dead epidermal cells
35
What is the exodermis?
outer layer of cells of cortex just inside epidermis.
| -is parenchyma cells
36
What type of plants have roots that have a pith?
Monocots
37
What is an example of a monocot?
Zea Mays (corn)
38
What are 2 differences between monocots and eudicots?
- pith presence
| - location and shape of vascular tissue
39
What makes up the vascular cylinder?
Primary xylem and phloem
40
Is the vascular cylinder meristematic?
Yes
41
Where do lateral roots begin?
Vascular cylinder
42
What is an example plant of food storage roots?
Sweet Potatos (Ipomoea)
43
What is an example family of water storage roots?
Pumpkin family (pepo)
44
What is an example plant of water storage roots?
Manroot (marah)
45
What are pneumatophores?
spongy roots that extend above water surface and enhance gas exchange.
46
What is example plant of pneumatophore?
Bald Cypress (taxodium distichum)
47
What are aerial roots?
roots that are above the soil surface.
48
What are 2 example plants of aerial roots?
- Velamen roots of orchids
| - prop roots of corn
49
What are parasitic roots?
roots that have no chlorophyll and are dependent on chlorophyll-bearing plants for nutrition.
50
What is an example plant with parasitic roots?
Dodder
51
What is the shoot of a plant?
everything above ground.
52
What causes leaf color change?
sunny days+cool nights=chlorophyll consumption=leaf change
53
What does the apical meristem produce in the stem?
```
leaf primordia(leaves)
bud primordia(lateral shoots)
```
54
What are phytomeres?
repeated units of leaf and bud primordia
55
What are the 3 types of organization within stems?
- narrow interfascular region (touching ringed bundles)
- wide interfascular region (ringed bundles with gaps)
- monocot (scattered vascular bundles)
56
What plants have wide interfascular regions within stems?
herbacious eudicots
57
What are 2 examples of a herbacious eudicot?
Sunflowers (Helianthus)
| Alfalfa (Medicago)
58
What are a couple traits of herbacious eudicots?
- have sclerenchyma cells concentrated above phloem of vascular bundle
- vascular cambium present between xylem and phloem
59
What are the properties of monocot stems?
- have no vascular cambium or cork cambium
- prodce no secondary vascular tissues
- xylem and phloem exist in scattered discrete bundles
60
What is an example of a monocot stem?
Corn
61
What is beginning of secondary growth?
When the narrow bands between the primary xylem and phloem become vascular cambium and begin producing secondary xylem and phloem.
62
In what type of plants is a cork cambium found?
In woody eudicots
63
What does the cork cambium do and where is it?
- produces cork cells (bark) and phelloderm cells
| - is in cortex, phloem, or pericycle
64
Is there more secondary xylem or secondary phloem in woody eudicots?
Way more secondary xylem
65
What are 2 examples of woody eudicots?
- elderberry (sambucus canadensis)
| - basswood (tilia americana)
66
Large vessel elements produced by broadleaf tree species is called?
Spring wood
67
Smaller vessel elements with fewer elements are called?
Summer wood
68
What is 1 years growth of secondary xylem called in a tree?
annual ring
69
How to tell difference in spring and summer wood?
spring wood-large and light colored
| summer wood-small and dark colored
70
The wood of a tree is the _________ and the bark is the ____________.
secondary xylem
| secondary phloem
71
What are vascular rays?
parenchyma cells that function in lateral conductions of nutrients and water.
72
What is sapwood?
The newer outer rings of functioning xylem.
73
What is heartwood?
The older inner xylem rings that are no longer involved in conduction.
74
What is softwood?
Lacks vessels, tracheids are dominant cell type (gymnosperms)
75
What is hardwood?
Contains vessels, tracheids, fibers (angiosperms)
76
Vessels are tracheids all have______
secondary cell walll
77
What is the lenticel?
the part of the periderm with intercellular spaces.
78
What is the periderm?
replaces the epidermis of secondary plant body.
79
Is cork cambium meristematic?
Yes
80
Bark refers to what? (4)
Everything outside the vascular cambium. That is:
- secondary phloem
- phloem rays
- cork cambium
- periderm
81
Example plant of rhyzomes:
ginger, iris
82
Example plant of runners:
strawberries
83
What are adventitious roots?
Roots that grow in the wrong spot such as out of the rhyzomes or runners.
84
Example of stolons:
potatoes
85
Example of bulbs:
onions
86
What is a corm?
resembles bulb but composed almost entirely of stem tissue.
87
Example of corm:
crocus, gladiolus, kohlrabi (brassica)
88
What are cladophylls?
flattened leaf-like stems
89
Example of cladophyll:
prickly-pear cacti, asparagus
90
Example of thorn:
acacia trees
91
Example of tendrils:
Grapes
92
What is a primordia?
mass of cells
93
What are trichomes?
leaf hairs
94
At maturity, leaves have:
- a stalk (petiole)
- a flattened blade (lamina)
- a network of veins (vascular bundles)
95
what is phyllotaxy?
Study of leaf arrangement
96
what are 3 ways leaves are arranged?
- alternate
- opposite
- whorled
97
What are palmately compound leaves?
leaflets all attached at the same point at end of petiole
98
What are pinately compound leaves?
have leaflets in pairs along rachis
99
What is a sessile leaf?
Leaf without a petiole
100
Example of pinnately compound leaf:
albizia sp (silk tree)
101
Example of palmately leaf:
buckeye
| locust
102
Example of sessile leaf:
moricandia, corn
103
What is a ligule?q
small flap of tissue extending upward from the sheath
104
What do guard cells do in leaves?
open and close stomata
105
What type of plants have netted venation in leaves?
Eudicots
106
What type of plants have parallel venation in leaves?
Monocots
107
The upper layer of epidermal cells have no _____ in leaves.
chloroplasts
108
Stomata are in parallel rows in :
| Example:
Monocots
-Corn
Onion (Allium)
109
Stomata are scattered in:
| Example:
Eudicots
-A Succulent (sedum)
potato
tobacco
110
What are hydrophyte leaves?
leaves where the stomata are in the upper leaves but not on the lower ones cause plant is partially submerged.
111
What plant has hydrophyte leaves?
water lily
112
What are Xerophyte leaves?
Leaves containing a greater number of stomata taht are sunken with epidermal hairs. Occurs to trap water, usually in arid areas.
113
Most photosynthesis takes place where?
-In the mesophyll between two epidermal layers
114
What are the 2 epidermal layers:
- pallisde mesophyll-uppermost layer with most of leaf's chlorplasts
- spongy mesophyll-lower layer with more air spaces
115
Shape of palliside mesophyll cells?
elongated vertically
116
Shape of spongy mesophyll cells?
Bloblike (shapeless)
117
What are bulliform cells?
Large upper epidermal cells near leaf midrib.
118
What are shade leaves?
Leaves in the shade that recieve less light so they are bigger, thinner, and have fewer hairs.
119
Example of plant with shade leaves:
Cerastium tomentosum (snow in summer)
120
Leaves of arid regions have:
- thick and leathery leaves
- few stomata
- succulent (water retaining leaves or dense hairy coverings)
121
Example of arid region leavs:
compass plant
