Exam #2

Question 1

Magnocellular

Answer 1

Dorsal, “where/how” pathway

Question 2

Parvocellular

Answer 2

Ventral, “what” pathway

Question 3

Somatotopy

Answer 3

Spatial relations in environment map to primary cortical areas that represent them

Question 4

Hierarchy (“bottom up”)

Answer 4

Info is summarized and passed on to higher levels in simplified form

Question 5

Functional segregation

Answer 5

Dorsal vs ventral pathways, lower level features are integrated into higher level representations of objects and locations, objects in space are further integrated into meaningful environmental “scenes”

Question 6

Cross-talk

Answer 6

Parallel processing across hierarchical and functional segregation systems=smooth integration of info

Question 7

Cones process (2)

Answer 7

Color and shape

Question 8

Rods process (2)

Answer 8

Orientation and movement

Question 9

V1 neurons respond to

Answer 9

Colors, angled lines

Question 10

V2 neurons respond to

Answer 10

Linear motion, changes in depth

Question 11

V3 neurons respond to

Answer 11

Shapes, specific velocities of motion

Question 12

V4 neurons respond to

Answer 12

Complex patterns and shapes

Question 13

MT neurons respond to

Answer 13

Optic flow (movement through environment)

Question 14

Where does dorsal stream end?

Answer 14

Continues superiorly ending in posterior parietal cortex

Question 15

Where does ventral stream end?

Answer 15

Continues inferiorly ending in inferotemporal cortex

Question 16

Binocular disparity

Answer 16

Difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, results from horizontal separation

Question 17

Motion Parallax

Answer 17

Displacement or difference in apparent position of object viewed along two different lines of sight, measured by angle of inclination between two lines

Question 18

Apperceptive visual agnosia

Answer 18

Can name, describe, and reproduce object in normal context, changing orientation disrupts this ability

Question 19

What process influences arousal?

Answer 19

Reticular activating system (brain system), hypothalamus, NBM and thalamus (mid-brain)

Question 20

Normal arousal

Answer 20

Awake and oriented to person, place, and time

Question 21

Disoriented/Confused

Answer 21

Responsive and conversant, but easily distracted, disconnected thoughts, purposeless behavior

Question 22

Delirium

Answer 22

Disoriented/confused, hyperactive, autonomic hyperactivity, hallucinations/delusions

Question 23

Stupor

Answer 23

Arousable only to vigorous stimulation, responses when arousals are minimal, very slow

Question 24

Coma

Answer 24

Unresponsive to external stimuli, basic functions (reflexes) may be absent

Question 25

Bottom-up

Answer 25

Sensory, stimulus driven, implicit, exogenous, automatic

Question 26

Top-down

Answer 26

Executive, goal-driven, explicit, endogenous, controlled

Question 27

Selective attention

Answer 27

Process: ability to capture one source Behavior: cocktail party effect Test: Stroop, Trails, Cancellation

Question 28

Divided attention (working memory)

Answer 28

Process: Attend to multiple tasks Behavior: texting and driving Tests: digit span, letter-numbering, dichotic listening

Question 29

Sustained attention

Answer 29

Process: Maintain attention over time Behavior: Highway driving Test: continuous performance task

Question 30

What other brain functions impact language? (3)

Answer 30

1. Memory 2. Sensory input 3. Motor output

Question 31

Continuity based theory

Answer 31

Language evolved from early pre-linguistic systems/vocalizations from pre-human/animal ancestors

Question 32

Discontinuity based theory

Answer 32

Language appeared suddenly with the evolution of early man

Question 33

Lexicon

Answer 33

Vocabulary of language

Question 34

Syntax

Answer 34

Grammatical structure of sentences

Question 35

Semantics

Answer 35

Meaning of a word, phrase, sign/symbol or sentence

Question 36

Prosody

Answer 36

Intonation, tone, stress, rhythm of language; may reflect emotion

Question 37

Discourse

Answer 37

A unit of language that is longer than a single sentence, involves sentences coming together to form a narrative (ex: argument, narration, description, exposition)

Question 38

Aphasia

Answer 38

An acquired loss or impairment of language

Question 39

Alexia

Answer 39

Loss or impairment of the ability to comprehend language in written or printed form (disturbance of reading)

Question 40

Agraphia

Answer 40

Loss or the impairment of the ability to express language in written or printed form (surface, phonological, deep)

Question 41

Bilateral hippocampal sclerosis

Answer 41

Severe neuronal cell loss

Question 42

Semantic

Answer 42

Recollection of a specific fact

Question 43

Episodic

Answer 43

Recollection of a specific personal experience and its context

Question 44

Explicit memory

Answer 44

Any conscious recollection (includes semantic and episodic)

Question 45

Implicit memory

Answer 45

"Non-conscious", effect of prior experience on behavior

Question 46

Semantic priming

Answer 46

Seeing a target word before to prime response

Question 47

Perceptual priming

Answer 47

Fasted the second time seeing the word because of experience

Question 48

Broad operational definition of memory

Answer 48

The effect of past experience on present perceptions and behavior (ex: recalling conversation with friend)

Question 49

Features of multiple memory systems (3)

Answer 49

1. Content 2. Capacity/duration 3. Stages

Question 50

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 50

Loss of ability to encode and learn new information after a defined event

Question 51

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 51

Loss of old memories from before event

Question 52

Recall of more remote memories in

Answer 52

Neocortical activation

Question 53

Recall of more recent facts in

Answer 53

Hippocampal activation