Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a kin type?
A
straight forward relationship ex - birth giver
2
Q
What is a kin term?
A
culturally interpretative relationship (name given to relationship) ex - mom
3
Q
What is the definition of descent?
A
shared ancestry from common ancestors
4
Q
Name two types of descent
A
- lineage
- clans
5
Q
What is the difference between lineage and clan? Give examples
A
- lineage is immediate and proven (ex. Family tree)
- clans are distant and hypothetical (ex. Same last name, family crest, totems)
6
Q
Describe human and animal connections in the west
A
NEED ONE
- animal nicknames w/ meaning (wolf pack)
- chinese zodiac
- animal mascots
- spirit animals
- pets
7
Q
What is unilineal descent? Describe its significance
A
one side of ancestry > the other
important because of marriages - identify with one spouses family and not as much the other
8
Q
What is the difference between matrilineal descent and patrilineal descent?
A
- Matrilineal = unilineal descent following the females in the family
- Patrilineal = unilineal descent following the males in the family
9
Q
What is bilateral descent?
A
-both sides of the family are equally important
10
Q
Describe the Maya naming system
A
Spanish first names, two maya last names
11
Q
Describes functions of marriage
A
- formal bond between individuals
- sexual permission
- property rights + labor distribution
- social, economic + political kinship to each other’s family
- social network
12
Q
Describe Incest Taboo - how is it universal? How is it culturally variable?
A
universal restriction of incest (sexual relations between family members)
Used to be more common, especially within royal families (Hapsburgs in Europe)
13
Q
What is Endogamy?
A
Marrying within a group (ex caste, royal family, pure blood, economic status)
14
Q
What is Exogamy?
A
Marrying outside a group (ex. genetic diversity, expanding resources/wealth)
15
Q
How are endogamy and exogamy used at the same time?
A
Typically genetic exogamy and social endogamy
16
Q
Who is Anna Nicole Smith? What is her connection with exogamy?
A
Playboy bunny who married 86 year old tycoon, who then died a year after marriage
Did she marry him for love or money?
Exogamy - age difference + wealth
17
Q
What is Polygyny? Describe it’s advantages
A
- More than one wife
- more kids!
- chores split
18
Q
What is Polyandry? Describe it’s advantages
A
- more than one husband
- don’t have to split family’s land
- chores/caretaking split
19
Q
Describe the Polyandry in Northern India
A
Younger brothers will marry same wife as oldest brother
- avoid splitting land
- split chores and caretaking
20
Q
Name the characteristics of an individual-centric culture?
A
- self lowering, child raising communication (baby talk)
- nuclear family
- face-to-face interaction
- child dependency
- encourage individual talent and thoughts
21
Q
Name the characteristics of an socio-centric culture?
A
- large, extended families
- importance of respect, status, politeness, and honor
- little privacy
22
Q
How do we anthropomorphize pets in the USA?
A
- call them your fur baby
- treat them like family
23
Q
What is Animism?
A
- all objects have spirits and souls
- earliest form of religion
- totemism = group/kin share a spirit
- shamanism = religious leaders connect w/spirit world
24
Q
What is Mana?
A
-sacred power in individuals
25
Describe an aspect of animism and mana in present day
- human-animal connection
- sacred natural wonders
- 'in touch' with nature
- mother earth
- lucky people
26
Name a function of religion
1) Control and comfort over the uncontrollable
2) Provide a sense of purpose and morality
3) community unification and control
27
What are the functions of witchcraft?
- explanation of non
| - control over deviance, morals, and events
28
What are western equivalents of non-scientific belief systems?
- fortune tellers
- horoscopes
- sports/lucky jerseys
29
What is Syncretism?
- 1-word definition: Blending
| - It worked well with Catholicism because having the belief in many gods worked well with having many saints
30
Who is the Virgin of Guadalupe? Where is she from?
- of modern day Mexico
| - Virgin Mary appeared as a young mestizo women who spoke native tongue
31
Why did the Virgin of Guadalupe work with Catholicism?
- guadalupe = mary
| - gave catholics a sense of control in Mexico
32
What is Haitian Voodo?
blending of catholicism and african beliefs
| -there is one supreme god, but many spirits as intermediaries (like saints or angels)
33
Why does Voodoo work with Catholicism?
-there is one supreme god, but many spirits as intermediaries (like saints or angels)
34
Explain Voodoo and bad reputation
- Blacks who worshiped haitian voodoo overthrew whites in govt
- hollywood (shells, sacrifice)
35
Give an Example of religion and sports
- "worshipping" athletes
- loyalty to teams
- autographs w/value
- stadium -> temple
36
What is Sympathetic magic? Give an example
magic imitative of a person/idea (ex. voodoo dolls)
37
What is Contagious Magic? Give an example
magic that has actual contact with a person or idea (ex. sports memorabilia, hard rock cafe)
38
What is a rite of passage?
A specific, individual ritual symbolizing a life transition that often happens around puberty
39
What are the 3 stages of a rite of passage?
1) separation/preparation
2) marigial/lineal (in between)
3) aggregation
40
Give examples of rites of passage
crocodile scarification, confirmation, Bar/Bat Mitzvah, Quinceanera
41
What is Crocodile scarification? Where does it happen? Why does it happen?
- boys cut up their backs with razor blades to symbolize a crocodile, a form of sympathetic magic
- papua new guinea
- shows a transition to manhood
42
Name a western equivalent of crocodile scarification
Tattoos
- permanent scars
- pain in the moment
43
What is Sex?
Biological makeup
44
What is Gender?
Sociatial/cultural makeup
45
Describe sexual dimorphism
physical difference between male and female beyond genitals
46
describe the nature vs nurture debate
Nature has necessary connection (Ex. Testosterone = more likely to play football)
Nurture does not have that necessary connection (Ex. a man that is raised in a dancer’s home)
47
What is a Patriarchy? Why are they more common?
- a system of society or government ruled by a man or men
| - paternity is harder to prove than maternity
48
What is a Matriarchy?
a system of society or government ruled by a woman or women.
49
Give an example of a gender shift
Female Roles during WWII in USA
- women had increased public presence, workforce, and status
- Reverted back to taking care of home afterwards
50
Describe women in Afghanistan
In the 70's, women dressed similar to western women
Now, they dress more modest than western women
51
What does "Generic Masculine" mean?
Masculine terms are the default term for positions/groups (ex. mailman, charimen, "you guys")
52
Describe categories of gender/sexual identification in the USA
Sexual (straight/gay/bi/pan/ace/demi)
Gender (cis/trans/non-binary)
53
How does Caitlyn Jenner relate to categories of gender/sex in america?
transgender female
54
What is a third gender? What is the difference between third gender homosexual or transvestite?
Third genders do not identify as either binary (not male or female)
trans - trans still identifies as one, even if it's different than birth
homosexual - can't if they don't identify on the binary
55
Who are the hijras?
Indian biological men who live/act as women
56
What challenges to Hijras face?
lacking civil rights
family shame
prostitution and begging
57
What role to Hijras play in society?
Represent the reincarnation of indian gods
| important in political + religious ceremonies
58
Who are the Sworn Virgins?
Albanian women who have taken an oath to live as a celibate man
59
Why do sworn virgins exist?
When there are no men/male children, someone must take care of family
only males can take leadership
60
Why is it considered 'homosexual' for a sworn virgin to have sex with a man
they are living life as men, so sex with a man is gay
61
What is Power?
ability to make decisions / take actions
62
What is authority?
sociatial permission to make decisions / take actions
63
What are bands? Name 2 characteristics
small kin based groups
- simple organization, share power + authority
- largely egalitarian
- no formal law
- migratory, hunters/gatherers
- no social classes or individual wealth
64
Describe the San Bushmen
band from southern africa
not a living fossil - modernity still touches them
65
What are states?
- a complex form of non-kin based groups that arose 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia
- impersonal
- subgroups and alliances
- fiscal responsibilities
- fixed boundaries
- centralized leadership w/ social stratification
66
describe the levels of states
```
State = country
State = Ohio
State = UD
```
67
What is ascribed status? give an example
status you are born with, from your descent group
ex. Royalty
68
What is achieved status? give an example
status you work to get
ex. President
69
Describe the ancient Maya political organization? How does it connect today?
Ancient = City states, not an empire, not unified
Transition -> took the Spanish 20 years to take over the Yucatan penninsula
Today - identify as Mayan, then as Mexican. Seen in last names
70
Describe controlled conflict
a creative way of settling disputes (ex. rap battles, debates, dance offs, sports) as a means of asserting power and authority
71
What is a hidden transcript?
a secret way of speaking out against authority (ex. art, song lyrics, clothes, makeup)
72
Describe hunter-gatherers
- corresponds politically with bands
| - simplest form of economic organization
73
Describe horticultualists
-small scale production of vegetation
74
Describe pastoralists
-herding of animals
75
What are the two main types of exchange?
- generalized exchange
| - negative exchange
76
What is the significance of generalized exchange? Give an example
- balanced exchange, typically with friends or family
- gifts, favors
- brings feelings of gratitude into exchange
77
What is the significance of negative exchange? Give an example
- unbalanced exchange, typically with strangers or people of different classes
- buying items
- if exchange is unbalanced, can strain relationships
78
Give an example of how commodities turn into gifts
-autograph something, personalize something
79
What is a 'ger'?
A ger is a tent that the Mongolians live in.
80
How do friends avoid becoming rivals during rivals during the horse races?
All of the credit goes to the horses
81
How does the horse connect Mongolians with their gods?
The horse is the messenger between men and the gods.
82
What is one aspect of the modern world from the Mongolian culture?
They drove a Jeep to follow the horses in the race
They use cell phones to call
One of the people owned a motorbike (and injured himself using it while drunk)
The winner of the children horse race would get a check if they earned a prize
83
Where did the speaker go?
Mongolia - capital and northern
84
What were living conditions for the speaker?
Tents or basic homes - simple meals
85
What language did the speaker speak?
Chinese - very little mongolian (used an interpreter)
86
What was the speaker's area of interest
Mongolian nomads
