Exam 2 Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
DTSC
A
- department of toxic substances control
- ensures equity via office of environmental equity
- regulates and enforces hazardous waste laws
- clean up contamination
- protect consumers by looking at sources of pollutants
2
Q
hazardous waste permitting division
A
goal is to make timely permit decisions and establish enforceable protective permits for operation of hazardous waste facilities
-oversight of all functions
3
Q
hazrdous waste management program
A
oversight for:
- hazardous waste generation
- transportation
- storage
- disposal
- treatment
4
Q
permitted facilities
A
- operating landfills
- operating treatment and storage facilities: landfills, dealing with oil and waste
- post closure facilities: to monitor hazardous waste that is left
5
Q
permit application
A
part A: ID, classification, design, look at lists
part B: analysis, plans, ID aquifers, CEQA info
6
Q
CalEnviroscreen 3.0
A
looks at environmental burden of different areas in real-time
7
Q
site mitigation and remediation (cleanup)
A
what is found:
-solvents, metals, radiological materials
what gets impacted:
-surface water, groundwater, soil, soil vapor, buildings and debris
when it is found:
- “dig and haul”
- manage in place to control against future emissions
- ongoing treatment
- monitor longterm remedies
8
Q
residential clean up
A
- remove contaminated soil
- backfill
- place finishing materials
9
Q
Exide
A
-a closure site
what it teaches us:
- the most vulnerable carry the burden
- good regulations need to be clear and enforceable
- regulators must be decisive
- pollution doesn’t care about boundaries(calls to attention the responsibilities to specific pollutants)
- pay now or pay later
- we need new approaches
10
Q
WERC
A
- Workforce for Environmental restoration in Communities
- program that trains people to do work in cleanups
11
Q
permitting improvements
A
- process improvements for quicker decisions
- additional public engagement: to make sure that it’s not the same people
- new inspection tools and training
- violations scoring procedure
12
Q
2008 green chemistry Laws and Initiative
A
- change the incentives
- manufacturer responsibility
- goal is safer products
13
Q
safer consumer products key tenets
A
- manufacturer responsibility and flexibility, not government command and control
- avoid regrettable substitutes
- enforceable
- incentivize innovation and the search for safer alternatives
- transparent and science-based decision making
14
Q
safer consumer products framework
A
-Candidate list: 15 hazards list, 8 exposures list.
Those that are excluded include: food, FIFRA pesticides, medical devices, prescription drugs
-Priority products: entire product life cycle considered, special consideration for sub-populations/endangered species
—selecting product-chemical combinations
-Alternative analysis: industry step – chemical hazard assessment, exposure analysis, life cycle thinking
—about making products safer, avoid regrettable subs
-Regulatory response
15
Q
lead acid batteries
A
- Governor Brown and Legislative mandates
- department-wide focus to address batteries
- lead, arsenic, and sulphuric acid possible exposure during recycling
16
Q
more solutions for DTSC
A
- better treatment of contamination
- ecosystem based regulatory framework: integrated authorities to solve problems holistically
- money
- faster hazard assessment
- green chemistry
- precautionary approaches
17
Q
what will help DTSC
A
- chemists who understand toxicology
- product designers to make safer products
- engineers who can solve tough cleanup problems
- public health practitioners
- toxicologists to sue new computational tools
- policy thinkers to make new innovative, integrative regulatory frameworks
18
Q
vectors
A
- insects that carry infectious agents, including parasites , bacteria and viruses
- vectors transmit numerous diseases to humans such as parasitic, arboviral, bacterial, and rickettsial
19
Q
culex
A
is responsible for West Nile
Jap encephalitis
St. L encephalitis
Filariasis
20
Q
aedes
A
- yellow fever
- dengue
- zika
- chikungunya
- mayaro
- increased population due to global warming, global trade and travel, unplanned urbanization, migration, poverty, environmental degradation, plastics!
21
Q
anopheles
A
- malaria
- O’nyong-nyong
22
Q
mosquito
A
most deadly animal
23
Q
WC Gorgas
A
- pioneer of chemical-free mosquito source reduction
- prevented natural and urban spaces
- microstategies: interface between human and mosquito
- shoe-leather epidemiologists
- “thinking like a mosquito”
24
Q
Fred L Soper
A
- believed in war tactics
- mobilized large-scale production of DDt during WW2
- set a new historical standard for 0 tolerance, “or species sanitation”
- “it’s a war”
25
sepa
- socializing evidence for participatory action
- people-centered, house
- barrio level intervention: reduction of key breeding sites, discussion in schools, participation in barrio fairs, clean-up campaigns
26
key elements of sepa
- evidence-based informed and respectful dialogue
- learn by doing
- socialization of evidence
- reflecting on my own actions
- agree on an action that works
- weekly entomological visits
- communal clean-up
- network strengthening
- citizen empowerment = agency
27
CBPR
- community-based participatory research
| - 2 pillars: ethical and community empowerment
28
social app lab at CITRIS
-provides interdisciplinary collaboration to identify social problems that software applications can productively address by reformulating the terms and scales of democratic assemble, active citizenship, and urban knowledge
29
social principles of DengueChat
- residents of communities affected by arbovirus diseases are the best sources of information about both active and potential mosquito breeding
- potential best agents for eliminating mosquito
- challenge is to mobilize residents
- gives residents sense of respect by valuing their local knowledge
- shows residents immediate effects of their efforts by displaying arboviral risk in neighborhoods
30
3 models of pilot implementation
brazil: challenge; pacification process, militarization of Mare, lack of civil engagement
mexico: challenge; corruption, political stagnation, violence
nicaragua: opportunity; camino verde experience, civil engagement, community organization, local champion(community leader and study coordinator)
31
dengue chat/ zika chat
- crowdsources identification of Aedes breeding sites
- designed with a collaborative software development
- promotes civic engagement and active community participation in container search and elimination
- generates real time data useful for evidence-based decision-making around vector control
32
care groups
-community-based strategies for social and behavioral change
-developed by Dr. Pieter Ernst w/ World Relief Mozambique
-focuses on building teams of volunteer women who are selected by peers
"pure" volunteers: no monetary incentives, just job aids
33
social behavioral change
- key messaging of health behaviors to reduce zika risk, community commitments
- home registries for attendance, pregnancies, suspected cases, newborns
- home entomological surveillance
34
trends in CO2 in atmosphere
-we have reached 1.5 degree celsius tipping point: means permanent damage to climate and earth
35
hottest year on record
2017
36
IPCC
- intergovernmental panel on climate change
- states that the human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of GHGs are the highest in history
- widespread impacts
- warming of climate is un equivocal
- changes are unprecedented
37
impact of rising sea levels
- small islands greatly impacted
| - Bangladesh predicted to be 2/3 under water by end of century
38
heat waves
- 2006 Cali heat wave resulted in 16,000 ER visits and 147 deaths
- on coast a lot of people don't have AC
39
heat waves + air pollution
- in Europe, thousands of excess deaths
| - could be attributed to elevated O3 and PM levels
40
california drought
-snowpack and streamflow amounts are projected to decline in parts of southwest, decreasing surface supply reliability for cities, agriculture, and ecosystems
41
wild fires
- wildland fires cause increased health care utilization for respiratory illness, especially asthma
- due to climate change
42
ozone + climate change
-ozone increases with temperature, could overwhelm existing ozone emission reduction efforts
43
climate change + allergy
- increased pollen season = increased respiratory allergic reactions
- plant habitat changes will lead to exposure of previously unexposed populations so individuals will become newly sensitized
- increased ozone + allergen exposure = asthma
- earlier pollen start, longer pollen season
- increased pollen amount
44
vulnerable communtities
- elderly
- infants/children
- ppl w/ heart/lung disease
- low-income communities
- due to health island effect(less green space), multiple sources of pollution, lack of AC, lack of access to healthcare/transportation/services
45
smog and soot
- the major sources of of greenhouse gases and aerosols contribute to smog and soot
- sources of O3 and PM pollution
46
black carbon
- requires diesel trucks and buses in cali be upgraded to reduce emissions
- newer heavier trucks must meet PM requirements, old ones must be updated
47
AB32
- mandates regulatory and market mechanisms to reduce emissions of GHG
- establishes GHG cap for 2020 based on 1990 levels
- 25% reduction
- has led to paradigm shift: focuses on both climate change mitigation and health co-benefits
- focused now on emission reduction rather than ambient air quality
48
SB32
-passed in 2016, mandates even more ambitious reductions, 40% reduction by 2030
49
CARB policy plan
- Advanced Clean Car Standards
- Clean Fuels Infrastructure
- Low Carbon Fuel Standard
- Sustainable Freight Transport Initiative
- Renewable Portfolio Standard
- SB 375 --Sustainable Communities Strategy
- California Cap-and-Trade Program
50
advanced car strategies
- Zero emission mandated vehicles
- CAFE- federal adoption of co2 standards in CA
- pavley bill: CA tailpipe CO2 standards = fuel efficiency
51
low carbon fuel standard
- established by exec order S-01-07
| - requires that fuel providers ensure that fuels sold in CA meet a declining standard for GHG emissions
52
renewables portfolio standard
- 2008 executive order directed CARB to enact regulations to achieve 33% renewables by 2020
- 2018 SB 100 moved the goal to 100% by 2045
53
senate bill 375
- SMART GROWTH- reduce GHC emission so ppl will drive less by smart growth
- goal is to reduce VMTs through "sustainable community strategies"
54
market mechanism to reduce carbon emissions
- cap-and-trade: caps CO2 emissions, under AB32
| - carbon tax: politically difficult, fixed price of carbon
55
AB 1550
-requires that 35% of cap-and-trade revenue is spent on projects that benefit disadvantaged communities, at least 25% spent on projects located w/in communities
56
AB 398
- Extend’s CARB’s authority to implement the cap-and-trade program through 2030
- All revenue collected is given to Greenhouse gas reduction fund
57
element Pb
- Heavy metal, dense, soft malleable, highly resistant to corrosion
- Historically used for ease in mining
- Was added to gasoline in 1920s as tetraethyl lead(TEL)
- Added to paint to accelerate drying, banned in 1978
58
lead inside homes
- 1978: feds ban lead for consumer use
- Still commonly found in areas with a lot of wear-and-tear such as windows, doors and door frames, stairs, railings, banisters, porches
- Federal law requires that before signing a lease for housing built before 1978 you must receive an EPA pamphlet, any known info, and an attachment to lease including a “lead warning statement”
59
lead in drinking water
- 7% of home and 15-22 million Americans are connected to a lead service line
- Corrosion in galvanized pipes allow for lead to accumulate, acidic H2O adds to this
- POU filters are effective
60
Flint, Michigan
- switched water supply to Flint river, was contaminated due to corrosion of pipes
- elevated BLL >5
- 4/10 families live below poverty line, majority is Black
- EJ issue, low SES community
61
lead in gasoline
-contamination in soil(higher in urban areas), air, innercity neighborhoods/housing
62
clean air act
- banned the sale of leaded fuel
- leaded gasoline still available for off-road vehicles, boats, planes
- finally phased out in 1996
63
lead in utensils
- Leads to poisoning
- Older drinking water coolers and coffee urns may have lead
- Ceramics have high lead
- Paints and glaze as source
64
lead in agriculture
- Lead arsenate used in apple orchards in 1892 as insecticide
- Soil in some orchards contain very high levels of As and Pb because not easily degraded/ bio transformed
- Orchards were repurposed as playgrounds, housing, etc
- Popular amongst farmers because of its effectiveness, low cost, ease of use, and persistence
65
lead in traditional remedies
- Mexican folk remedies include azarcon and greta to treat colic-like illness “empacho”
- Middle eastern: alkohl, cebagin, saoott
- Asian communities: ba-baw-san, bali goli, chuifong, ghasard, kandu, tokuwan
66
lead in children's toys
- Vintage toys, children’s jewelry
| - Some cases of lead poisoning linked to jewelry kits
67
major routes of exposure for lead
- Ingestion: 20-70% of lead is absorbed into the body, children absorb higher percentage, lead paint and contaminated water are major sources
- Inhalation: lead is component of tobacco/tobacco smoke, also in e-cigarettes
- Endogenous exposure: stored lead in body can be released in times of Ca2+ stress
68
why children are at more risk of lead exposure
- Children at higher risk b/c: mouthing behavior(pica), higher breathing rate, shorter than adults so more likely to breathe lead-contaminated dust
- Pb absorbed in gut 5-10 times greater in infants and young children
69
blood lead tetsing
- Lead testing for all children enrolled in medicaid is a federal requirement
- CDC guidelines endorse universal screening in some areas, based on risk assessment
- Minority children tend to have higher BLL
- “Lead lines” are visible from x-ray: one male’s was 37.7 micrograms/dL!
70
dose-response curve for neurodevelopmental effects of lead
- supra-lineal relationship
- No safe levels, actually loss in IQ is greater at lower levels
- <5 has led to ADHD, decreased cognitive performance, and greater incidence of problem behaviors
- Lead-crime hypothesis
- Prenatal Pb exposure correlated with obesity
- Exposed children may be asymptomatic: no signs of lead toxicity until in school
71
biological effects and transport of lead
- absorbed lead is exchanged in blood, mineralizing tissue, organs
- children absorb 100% of Pb on empty stomach
72
health effects of Pb on adults
-: hypertension, neuropathy, decreased sperm count, kidney damage, ischemic coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents
73
foodborne disease
- Normally called food poisoning, caused by ingestion of food that is contaminated with a pathogenic microbe or toxic chemical
- Most are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites that upset GI
74
highest number of illness
-norovirus(ship, #1 cause), salmonella, clostridium, campylobacter, staphylococcus
75
highest number of hospitlaizations
-salmonella, norovirus, campylobacter(spores are heat-resistant), E. coli O157: H7(produces shiga toxin which goes into the bloodstream and causes bloody diarrhea)
76
highest number of deaths
-salmonella, listeria(can cause death at low doses), norovirus, campylobacter
77
most important pathogen-food combos
-E.coli O157:H7 is most prevalent in beef, while campylobacter is most prevalent in dairy
78
FoodNet
- conducts population-based surveillance for foodborne infections
- Collab with CDC(center for disease control and prevention)
79
PulseNet
- large nationwide database that connects foodborne illness together and identifies outbreaks
- Molecular subtyping network: PFGE(uses enzymes to cut chromosomes at rare sites to yield strain-specific DNA band patterns), MLVA, WGS
- Uses DNA fingerprinting of foodborne bacterial pathogens to detect outbreaks
- Compare strains of patients to one another, find source so that food can be recalled from the market
80
CalciNet
- network to quickly identify norovirus outbreaks and linking them to a common source
- Also monitors circulating norovirus strains and identifies newly emerging ones
81
burden of illness pyramid
- Exposures in the general population: population survey
- Person becomes ill: population survey
- Person seeks care: physician survey
- Specimen obtained: physician survey
- Lab tests for organism: laboratory survey
- Laboratory confirmed case: laboratory survey
- Reported to Health Dept/CDC: surveillance
82
whole genome sequencing (WGS)
- Faster tech than PFGE, using NextGen sequencing, more precise and detailed about pathogen’s genetic makeup
- 13-150 bands for PFGE vs. millions for WGS
- Some bacteria w/ different PFGE patterns are actually from the same food source, WGS helps solve outbreaks sooner
83
why surveillance and outbreak investigations?
- Informations gets put into policies that are effective, such as the Food Safety modernization act
- A transition from reaction to prevention
- Useful info: pathogen, food, year, location, state, size
84
listeriosis from bologna, S Africa
- Was a surveillance failure: no requirement for doctors to report to the ministry of health, vague patient records, ---countries left reacting without proper surveillance
- Consequences: 982 confirmed cases, 189 deaths, outbreak lasted 15 months
85
produce-linked outbreaks
- We are eating more raw fruits and veggies, no kill step for bacteria
- Changes in produce industry: intensification/centralization of production and wider distribution of that produce over long distances
- Change in consumer habits: increased consumption of fruits and veggies, increased popularity of salad bars
- linked mainly to salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, and E.coli O157:H7
- sprouts
86
zoonotic disease: shiga toxin
- comes from animals
- animal ingests pathogenic E.coli, feces contaminates the environment, which contaminates food and water and us, which transmits from person to person
87
salinas, ca: source of E.coli O157:H7
- Salad bowl of the US: produces a lot of leafy veggies
- Geological bowl: bordered by mountains, lots of cows...feces can come down during floods
- Not just salinas: most outbreaks of EcO157(enteric pathogen) are linked to processed(cut/shredded(worst)/bagged) lettuce
88
foodborne diease and climate change
- Extreme weather events such as heat spells, heavy rains, and flooding may have effect:
- Contamination sources
- Contamination pathways
89
the perfect storm for foodborne illness
- pre/post habitat + enteric pathogen + abiotic factors + plant microflora + human host
- Washing kills 99% bacterial cells, cooking kills 99.999% bacterial cells
90
approaches to reduce contamination
- GAPS and HACCP
- Risk assessment models to predict risk of contamination
- Increased and improved testing
- Development of sanitizers based on knowledge of bacterial physiology and behavior on plants
- Microbial community management: keepo the competitors of human pathogens, kick out ones that promote human pathogens
- Plant genetics
- Hurdle technologies
91
the Big 3
- TB
- AIDS
- Malaria
92
antimicrobial drug resistance
-rug resistance, develops when microbes, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, no longer respond to a drug that previously treated them effectively
93
Uti + E.coli
- Extraintestinal E. coli pathogens (ExPEC)
| - Associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI, blood stream infection (BSI), meningitis, wound infection
94
global priority for amr bacteria
- enterobacteriaceae
| - ST groups prominent
95
treatment of UTI w/o antibiotics
- Long bath
- Poultice on the belly
- Leeches
- Hot enema
- Belladonna suppository
- Turpentine capsule
- Silver nitrate installation
- Mineral water from Vichy
96
commensal E.coli
-Commensal E. coli: colonizes mammalian intestine
97
intestinal pathogenic E.coli(IPEC)
-Associated with diarrhea, hemolytic-uremic syndrome
98
extra-intestinal E.coli pathogens(ExPec)
-Associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI, blood stream infection (BSI), meningitis, wound infection
99
selective pressures for drug resistance
- Only 16% of antibiotics manufactured are used for humans
- In 2010, 28.1 million pounds of antibiotics, 80% were used in feed, 17% in water, 3% by injection for animals
- More antibiotics are used in livestock (pigs) in North Carolina than for all humans in the US!
100
exPEC isolations
- urine samples contained 61 sequence types (STs)
- meat samples had 95 STs
- 12 STs shared between meat and UTI isolates
101
GNB species in stool of health volunteers
-showed that many of these genes shared with UTI E.coli AMR genes
102
what med schools teach about amr
- overuse of microbial agents in clinical care settings
- selective pressures of antimicrobial drugs create resistant pathogens
- selected drug-resistant pathogens spread in community and health-care institutions
103
what public health schools teach
- overuse of microbial agents i n food animal and human reservoir
- selective pressures of antimicrobial drugs create drug-resistant pathogens, commensals, and saprophytes(bacteria that survive dead organic matter)
- selected drug-resistant microbes are spread by food, person-to-person, and animal-person transmission
- pathogens gain mobile drug-resistant genes and enter human community and healthcare institution settings
104
global livestock and poultry production
- smallholder farming in LMICs
- growth in demand for animal-source nutrition
- promotion of small-scale food animal production in LMICs
105
child exposure to zoonotic enteric pathogens
- environmental transmission
| - direct contact
106
qualitative research on antimicrobial use
- Conducted in-depth interviews with small-scale food-animal produces (n = 25)
- Nearly half of producers interviews considered antibiotics important for growth promotion
- Multiple respondents credits antibiotics with improved animal health
- Producers had a limited understanding of drug resistance
- "secret shopper" study to understand prescribing practices
107
study of AMR E.coli
- Cross-sectional study
- Biological samples: child feces, animal feces in environment, commensal E. coli
- Survey instrument: household and animal management survey
- did direct plating/culturing, DNA sequencing, biochemical tets, PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing
- 35% of E. coli from children and livestock and poultry were multiple drug resistant (MDR)
- MDR E. Coli were not clonally related
- 2 plasmids shared ~75% of gene content
- Mobile genetic element carried a 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance gene
108
take-aways from AMR initial research
- Antibiotics readily available: lack of veterinary capacity to guide antimicrobial use
- Mobile genetic elements appear important for moving resistance genes
109
future directions for amr
- characterize spread of amr and resistance determinants
- characterize risk factors associated w/ colonization by drug resistant E.coli
- review feasible interventions to encourage prudent use of antimicrobials
110
policy implications for amr
-look for subs
-change incentives(taxes) and insurance policies
-Better enforcement of existing regulations
-Consumer and practitioner awareness campaigns
Improve surveillance systems
111
CalEPA's mission
-restore, protect and enhance the environment, to ensure public health, environmental quality and economic vitality
112
boards that make up EPA
OEHHA, Air Resources Board, DTSC, CalRecycle, Water Resources Control Board, Pesticide Regulation
113
risk assessment
- environmental health science is used to identify and evaluate adverse health effects caused by environmental exposures
- OEHHA is in charge of this
114
risk management
- Environmental health policy is developed to address environmental health risks
- takes into consideration risks, benefits, technical feasibility, economic factors, social, and political factors
115
OEHHA
-responsible for developing and providing risk managers in state and local government agencies with toxicological and medical information relevant to decisions involving public health
116
air resource board (ARB)
- about vehicle mission and air quality standards, agricultural burning
- based on CAAQ standards which take into consideration health impacts, irritation to the senses, aesthetics, visibility, and effects on the economy
117
local air districts
- separate local entity
- Develop and implement local components of the State Implementation Plan (SIP) to comply with the federal Clean Air Act to be published in the Federal Register
- Keep public informed of pollution levels
- Regulate air pollution nuisances and stationary sources
118
state water resources control board (SWRCB)
-Lead agency for compliance with the federal Clean Water Act (CWA)
-Adopts water quality standards in compliance with CWA (e.g., Maximum Contaminant Levels, MCLs)
surveys chemicals in water and regulates wastewater discharges
-9 regional water quality control boards that set quality objectives, publish list of MTBE detections
119
department of toxic substances control(DTSC)
- hazardous waste management
- site mitigation and remediation
- safer consumer products
120
department of pesticide regulation
- registration of pesticides for use in state
- regulations for use
- environmental monitoring
- residue testing of fresh produce
- investigation of pesticide-related illness
121
CalRecycle
- Implementation of the Integrated Waste Management Act and the Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, among other state laws
- Waste permitting
- Materials management
- Recycling
122
OEHHA staff
-Toxicologists
•Research Scientists
•Environmental Scientists
•Environmental Health Scientists
•Public Health Medical Officers (Physicians)
•Non-scientists: technical writer, librarian, lawyers, administrative and clerical staff
123
OEHHA division of scientific programs
- Air and Site Assessment and Climate Indicators Branch
- Community and Environmental Epidemiology Research Branch
- Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch
- Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch
124
air and site assessment and climate indicators branch (ASACIB)
- Air Toxics Hot Spots
- Toxic Air Contaminants
- Site Assessments
- Indicators of Climate Change
125
air toxics hot spots act: AB 2588
- OEHHA develops risk assessment guidelines and reviews risk assessments
- OEHHA sets Reference Exposure Levels for non-cancer toxicity, and Inhalation Unit Risks for carcinogens
126
reference exposure levels (RELs)
-used by OEHHA and CalEPA in non-cancer risk-assessments
-concentrations in air in which no adverse health impacts are anticipated following exposure
meant to protect most people, including sensitive people, but don't cover idiosyncratic(allergic) responses
127
CA toxic air contaminant ID and management process
- hazard ID via ARB/OEHHA
| - risk management
128
climate change indicators
- Track the impact of climate change in California
- Communicate complex information in a simple format
- Provide context for mitigation and adaptation
- Report is a collaborative effort
129
climate indicators
- Climate change drivers
- Changes in climate
- Impacts on physical systems
- Impacts on biological systems (humans, vegetation, wildlife)
130
community and environmental epidemiology research branch (CEERB)
- community assessment and research sections (CARS)
- community health and environmental impacts section (CHEIS)
- air and climate epidemiology section (ACES)
- EJ support for CalEPA
131
OEHHA role in mediating chemicals used in WST
- well stimulation treatments
- gather info, synthesize health standard info on WST chemicals and potential for human exposure
- close data gap
- propose alternatives and recommend preferred chemicals
132
california accidental release program (CalARP)
- emergency response
- Implemented by the California Office of Emergency Services (CalOES), and locally by the Unified Program Agencies (UPAs).
- Designed to prevent the accidental release of hazardous substances that could harm public health and the environment
133
OEHHA role in emergency response
- Provide toxicological information, risk assessment, and public health recommendations following chemical release incidents.
- Identify pathways estimates exposures.
- Identify potential public health effects.
- Assist with decisions about sheltering-in-place, evacuation, and re-entry.
- Help develop public health messages during and after chemical releases.
- Attend public meetings to assist State and local agencies following a chemical release.
134
wildfires role in emergency response
- info about masks and PPEs
| - info to local county health and metals that can travel
135
Oroville Dam Spillway Collapse
-health guidance on chemicals at facilities in floodplain
136
criteria air pollutants
-Ozone, Particulate Matter, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen
Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, Lead
-OEHHA makes recommendations based on AAQS and notifies ARB
137
Studies of Human Health, Air Pollutants and Climate
- Health effects of criteria pollutants
| - Impacts of increasing temperature
138
pesticide and environmental toxicology branch (PETB)
- Evaluation of human exposure to pesticides
- Harmful Algal Blooms(in fresh water and marine)
- Fish Advisories
- Drinking Water Public Health Goals and notification Levels/Reference Exposure Levels
139
Department of Pesticide
| Regulation (DPR)
-DPR’s risk assessment Activities
-OEHHA provides peer review or
input on risk assessment process
140
California Department of
| Food and Agriculture (CDFA)
```
-CDFA’s use of pesticides to control
invasive pests e.g. Asian Citrus Psyllid,
Japanese beetle
-OEHHA provides toxicity information to
residents whose yard are treated with
pesticides
```
141
OEHHA’s Involvement in Freshwater
| Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
- Recreational waters and HABs response
- Domestic animals
- Wildlife
- Fish consumption
142
Marine HABs and Domoic Acid
-CDPH and OEHHA consider potential human health impacts from consuming fish and shellfish with elevated domoic acid
levels
- shellfish and phytoplankton
143
Public Health Goals(PHGs)
-the level of a chemical contaminant in drinking water that does not pose a significant risk to health
-1/1 million for cancer
- non-carcinogens, the PHG is set at a level that is not
expected to cause any toxic effects
144
Maximum Contaminant Levels
| MCLs
- PHGs used to develop them
- health protective drinking water standards, adopted as regulations
- feasibility of detection and treatment, and costs of treatment
145
Notification Levels
-SWRCB establishes a notification level when a chemical without a MCL is found in a drinking watersource
146
Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment
| Branch (RCHAB)
-CalEcotox Databases (created, updated by RCHAB)
-Gasoline-Related Air Pollutants
-Biomonitoring California
-In Utero and Early Life Susceptibility to Carcinogen
Exposures
-Proposition 65
147
CalEcotox Database
-California Wildlife Biology, Exposure Factor and
| Toxicity Database
148
Gasoline-Related Air Pollutants in California
-Emissions and population-weighted ambient air
concentrations for most gasoline-related pollutants
dropped significantly
- Benzene Gasoline-Attributable Concentrations and state-wide have decreased
149
Biomonitoring California
-Determine levels of environmental chemicals in a
representative sample of Californians
-Establish trends in the levels of these chemicals
over time
-Help assess the effectiveness of public health
efforts and regulatory programs to decrease
exposures to specific chemicals
150
California Regional Exposure (CARE) Study
-Biomonitoring for metals and perfluoroalkyl
and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and
collection of exposure data
-Potential to include additional panels, such as 1-
nitropyrene or environmental phen
151
East Bay Diesel Exposure Project (Oakland, Richmond, etc)
-Assess exposures to diesel exhaust in impacted
communities of the East Bay
-Compare exposures in parent-child pairs to
increase understanding of exposure patterns
-evaluate predictors, generate data and engage with community
152
Development of Age Sensitivity Factors
| ASFs
- for use in Cancer Risk Assessment
| - relied mostly on animal studies
153
Proposition 65
-Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act
- list of carcinogens and reproductive toxicants
-must provide a “clear and reasonable warning” , does not ban chemicals
-prohibited from discharging significant amounts of listed chemicals to sources of
drinking water
-warnings websites for safe harbor chemicals
154
Title 27 California Code of Regulations Article 6. Clear and Reasonable Warnings
-“safe harbor” Proposition 65 warning content
and methods of providing a warning
-changes address HOW a warning is provided and
WHAT a warning should say; don't determine if warning is required
155
What are Proposition 65 Safe Harbor Levels?
- Levels of exposure to listed chemicals that do not require a warning or trigger the discharge prohibition. OEHHA establishes these safe harbor levels for listed chemicals
- NSLs(cancer) and MADLs(reproduction)
156
Exposure Assessment for Chemicals Listed under Proposition 65
- is estimated from a given product or source
- entity causing an exposure is only responsible for the exposure it causes, not for other sources of exposure to the chemical
157
What to consider when conducting an exposure
| assessment for a product
- chemical-specific factors
- product-specific factors
- -ways that exposure can result from product use
158
Exposure Assessment: DINP in vinyl flooring products
- Dermal absorption via direct contact
- Incidental ingestion via hand-to-mouth contact
- inhalation
- semi-volatile
159
4-Methylimidazole (4-MEI
- Listed as known to cause cancer January 7, 2011
- Intermediate in chemical manufacturing
- Contaminant of certain caramel coloring food additives
160
Risk-Specific Intake Level Calculations
- Dose = Risk / Potency
| - Daily Intake (mg/day)
161
Built environment
-human made space where people live, work, and recreate on an everyday basis
162
Richard Jackson
-First public health expert to discover the correlation between human mortality and our built environment
163
Love Canal- occidental chemical dump site
-New York 1975
-Trench that came out of Lake Erie, near Buffalo area
300-400 homes built on top of this, over time discovered an increase in rates of cancer in children who lived near these homes
164
Childhood Lead poisoning
-CCA- copper chromium arsenic- children are exposed to it on playground structures with wood
165
Topical pesticides
-can be washed off
166
Systemic pesticides
- roots and leaves and stuff. Can’t wash off
- Pesticides found in watermelon: pregnant women ingested pesticides from watermelon after being told by doctors to stay hydrated
167
infant tetramelia
-mother was poisoned while working in field 30 days b4 giving birth
168
Life expectancy and health spending
- U.S has similar life expectancy to other developed countries like Norway, but spends a lot more on health care
- Overall health statuses in U.S has decreased over the years among 46-64 year olds
- higher rate of diabetes
169
Fredrick Law Olmsted
-Head of US Sanitary Commission during the Civil War
170
Toole, Utah
-sheep death due to leftover war chemicals
171
Factors to consider with the built environment
- Livability
- Walkability
- Bikeability
- Health food access
- Accessible and affordable transportation systems
- Community building
172
health
-a Complete state of social, physical,spiritual and mental well-being
173
risk factors
-potentially modifiable behaviors and activities that lead to disease, ill health, and injury
174
Causes
- Specific causal agents of ill-health, disease, and death
| - like HIV, diarrhea
175
DALY
- Disability Adjusted Life Years
- Defined as one lost year of “healthy” life
- combo of mortality and morbidity
176
DALY tenets
- Like is like: everyone is roughly the same
- Everyone in the world has right to best life
expectancy in world (about 86 years old0
177
DALY equation
- DALY= YLL + YLD
- YLL = Years of Life Lost (mortality): No. of People x Years Lost
- YLD = Years Lost to Disability (morbidity): No. of People x Weight x Years Afflicted
178
Demographic transition
-shift from high fertility, high mortality(stable population)→ high fertility, low mortality (population increases) → low fertility, low mortality (stable population)
179
disability weights
-A value between 0 (no loss of health) and 1 (loss
| equivalent to death)
180
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION
-The transition from infectious, communicable and acute diseases to one of noninfectious,
noncommunicable and chronic diseases
181
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK TRANSITION
- The shift from traditional risks to modern risks
| - shift from household to community and global risks
182
GBD Effort
- Done by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
- Communicable, infectious disease
- Noncommunicable, chronic, genetic, congenital disease
- Intentional and unintentional injury
183
Comparative risk assessment
- Looks at how much of the burden of disease is attributed to risk factors
- Looks at distal, proximal, physiological risk factors and outcome
- Allows us to evaluate interventions
184
Attributable risk
- amount of ill-health that would not exist today if the exposure to the risk factor had not occurred in the past
- Assumes other risk factors are constant, can be over 100%
- looks at Exposure-response, exposure levels(actual+counterfactual), and disease burden
185
Pollution
- Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today
- Enormous costs associated with pollution
- Delhi and northern India has seasonal pollution
186
types of pollution
-Pollution (PM2.5), and tropospheric ozone pollution
-Water pollution: unsafe sanitation, and unsafe water sources
-Soil, chemical, and heavy metal pollution: lead (including contaminated sites polluted by lead from battery recycling operations), and mercury from gold mining
-Occupational pollution: occupational carcinogens, and occupational
particulates, gases, and fumes
187
Sustainability/LifeCycle Tools and Policies
```
-Impact, sustainability, and
sustainability metrics
-Life-cycle assessment
-Green chemistry, alternatives
assessment, circular economy
-Pollution fees and dividends (carbon)
```
188
Sustainability
- recent perspective: Everything that humans require for their survival and well-being depends, directly or indirectly, on the natural environment
- older perspective: health of human populations is influenced by the quality of air, water, and food; the topography of the land; and general living habits
189
life-cycle
-need to include all stages of a process to provide a
balanced and objective assessment of
alternatives
190
Life Cycle Assessment
- scoping
- collecting life cycle inventory data on materials, energy, and processes
- conducting a life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
- life-cycle management— supports decision-making
191
life cycle approach
- inputs: materials, energy
- outputs; materials/products, solid waste, airborne emissions, waterborne emissions
- A concept and methodology to evaluate the environmental effects of a product or activity holistically, by analyzing the whole life cycle of a particular product, process, or activity
192
The big three for life cycle
- Carbon (climate forcing) footprint
- Health (and ecological) footprint
- Water footprint
193
other contributors to life cycle
- Land use
- Soil consumption degradation
- Social stress
194
life cycle impact of cell phone
- Mining of raw materials
- Milling extraction
- Feedstock materials
- Fabrication distribution
- Use/Disposal
195
rare earth materials
-China is currently the largest producer,
| consumer, and exporter of the rare earths
196
total chemical mass
-achieved by quantifying direct and indirect exposures
197
health impact assessment model
-Emission-- Fate-- Exposure --Effects--Damage
198
Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
- Global Criteria
- Regional Criteria
- Local Criteria
- Other Criteria
199
challenges of LCA practice
-Goal and scope: may depend on the decision maker
-boundaries may be set arbitrarily and
differently
-Assumptions, simplifications
-New analyses bring up new challenges
-Location and time vary
-LCA studies difficult to compare because of gaps in
methods and data
-Critical mass nonexistent
-Data availability the biggest problem
-Lack of transparency and documentation
200
attributional LCA
- describes the pollution and resource flows within a chosen system attributed to the delivery of a specified amount of the functional unit
201
consequential LCA
- estimates how pollution and resource flows within a system change in response to a change in output of the functional unit
202
Alternatives Assessment
- US EPA Design for Environment program
- Focus on hazard characterization based on a full range of human health and environmental information
- strives to inform technology choices so as to minimize the potential for unintended consequences
203
performance metrics
-costs, climate change, health impacts, security, reliability
204
six classes approach
- highly fluorinated
- antimicrobials
- flame retardants
- biphenols + pthalates
- some solvents-
- certain metals
205
Questions applied to the 6 Classes
- Is it necessary?
- Is it worth it?
- Is there a safer alternative?
206
Circular Economy Principles
- Design out waste: makes sure that nothing goes to waste
- Build resilience through diversity
- Work towards using energy from renewable sources
- Think in ‘systems’
- Think in cascades
207
citizen's climate lobby
- creates the political will for climate solutions by
| enabling individual breakthroughs in personal and political power
208
what makes a good climate change solution
- Drives large scale change quickly
- Uses incentives that support choice
- Fair and “sticky”
- Healthy for the planet and the economy
209
What meets criteria for good climate change solution?
-A carbon fee & dividend policy
-benefits: Effective, Good for people, Good for the
economy, Bipartisan, Revenue Neutral
210
Motivation for studying water borne disease
- 1.5 million children born under the age of 5 die each year from diarrheal disease, Completely avoidable
- 2.5 billion people don’t have access to sanitation facilities
- 1 billion people don’t have access to safe drinking water
211
Turbidity
-amount of light scattering
-Particles in H2O scatter light
-The more particles= the more light scattering= the more turbidity
is not cloudiness, that is dissolved O2
212
Cryptosporidium
- particles on pathogen that prevents disinfection
213
Diarrheagenic Microbes
```
-Viruses
Ex.: Norwalk, Rotavirus
-Bacteria
Ex: E.Coli, V. cholerae, Salmonella
-Protozoa
Ex.: Giardia and Cryptosporidium
-Helminths (worms)
Part of life cycle is as an egg, Not found in the U.S
```
214
Human gut flora
- Human feces have ~10^(11) bacteria per gram
- E. coli= majority of bacteria in human gut
- indicators= used to indicate potential Public Health risk
215
Why Are We Using Indicators?
-for pathogens
-Exist at very low concentrations
-Be difficult, hazardous, or expensive to
detect and analyze
-Be one of numerous specific pathogens of
concern, each requiring its own test method
216
Ideal Indicator Attributes
-Correlated to health risk
-Similar or greater survival to pathogens
-Similar biological survival mechanisms
-Similar transport to pathogens
-Present in greater numbers than specific
pathogens
-Specific to a fecal source or an identifiable
origin
217
Characteristics of a good indicator organism
- Always present in high # in feces of humans and warm blooded animals
- Should be absent when contaminated water is clean
- Indicator’s presence is greater than pathogen that you’re trying to indicate
- Easy to detect
- Not present in natural water
- Should respond to water and wastewater treatment conditions in the same way of pathogen being analyzed
218
E. coli as an indicator
- Coliform- grow at room temperature, ferments lactose
- Fecal coliform thermotolerant- can grow at 44 degrees Celsius(higher than body temperature)
- All E.coli aren’t pathogenic, some in our gut that help in digestion
- E-coli= good indicator of fecal contamination
- 1982-Shardinger proposed use of E.coli as an indicator for fecal contamination
219
Colilert tests
- Use to determine is Coliform are present
- Used by all water companies in the U.S.
- yellow= all, fluorescent= e.coli
220
Water System
- Source→ treatment→ Distribution
| - Source: surface(susceptible to microbes) or groundwater(susceptible to chemicals)
221
Chemical Contaminants
-VOCs, Synthetic organic compounds, inorganic compounds, disinfectant byproducts
222
Water treatment plan
- Chlorinated/ozonated
- Filtered
- Treated with chlorine
- Distributed
- ---Pipes underground→ go to home
223
Multi-barrier concept
- is what stands between safe glass of water and chemical contaminants (microbes or chemicals)
- Source Water Protection
- Disinfection
- Filtration
- Distribution Operations and Maintenance
- Taking care of pipes and valves
- Operator Competence
224
Clean Water Act of 1972
-Discharges into surface water or
underground aquifers
-All about protecting water sources on planet
-Regulates point and nonpoint sources
225
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1975
- Really about protecting the people, not the planet
| - Treatment, monitoring, reporting of water quality in public drinking water systems
226
types of water sources
- Nonpoint source: runoff
| - Point source: water treatment plant
227
How we develop standards
- Human health effects → set Public Health goal→ set legally enforceable Maximum contaminant level Or treatment technique (set by the EPA)
- Maximum contaminant level- highest level of contaminant that EPA allows in drinking water
- Treatment technique (TT)- prescribed process intended to reduce the level of contaminant in drinking water
228
Gideon, MO
- Had history of violating Total Coliform Rule
- Total Coliform Rule: indicator of whether or not water is properly disinfected
- States that water utilities need to go once every month and test for Coliform bacteria
- 7 ppl died
- Opened fire hydrant and flushed out water system
- Afterwards, found that salmonella contaminated largest distribution tanks
- Multi-barrier concept that failed: source water protection and filtration
- Total Coliform Rule was revised after this case, EPA removed MCL and MCLG for total coliform
229
Milwaukee- Cryptosporidium
- Largest waterborne outbreak in U.S history
- Bacteria Cryptosporidium was the cause of this case
- Comes from human and cow feces which can run off into water sources
- Big rains sent sewage into water sources→ caused contamination
- Water treatment plant was not monitored properly
- Laws that came into place after Milw. case: 1998- enhanced surface water treatment rule, 2002- long term enhanced surface water treatment rule
230
SWTR
- Surface Water Treatment Rule
