Midterm 1 Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
natural environment
A
water, soil, air/atmosphere
2
Q
built environment
A
home, school, work, public spaces, parks, gyms, hospitals
3
Q
transportation environment
A
BART, airplanes, trains, cars, spaceships
4
Q
public health
A
focuses on population and population-based intervention
5
Q
environmental health science
A
the environment informs how diseases can be initiated, sustained, improved
people’s interactions with their environment is an important part of PH
6
Q
environmental health pathways
A
source to exposure to uptake/dosage to biokinetics (biomarkers) to health effects
7
Q
exposure assessment
A
A process to identify populations exposed to specific toxicants, toxins, infectious agents, or work conditions and examine the source, magnitude, frequency and duration of such exposure
8
Q
types of hazards
A
biological/microbial
chemical
radiological
physical/mechanical
9
Q
core disciplines of EHS
A
`biostatistics toxicology biology/microbial biology epidemiology exposure assessment risk assessment GIS (mapping skills)
10
Q
toxicology
A
the study of how toxicants and toxins produce injury that results in adverse health effects once they enter the body
11
Q
epidemiology
A
a quantitative research method for the analyzing the associations between environmental health hazards and health effects
12
Q
risk assessment
A
used to determine whether or not something is likely to cause harm
goal is to characterize the likelihood of harm in a format that assists decision makers who must act to tolerate, mitigate, or eliminate the potential harm
13
Q
risk management
A
identifies exposures to populations at risk, controls environmental sources of disease, proposes effective and affordable intervention strategies
14
Q
poisons
A
able to produce an adverse effect in a biological system
15
Q
toxins
A
toxic substances produced by living organisms
16
Q
toxicants
A
toxic substances that are man-made or result from human activity
17
Q
toxic substances
A
materials that have toxic properties
18
Q
xenobiotics
A
chemical substances that are foreign substances
19
Q
dose-response relationship
A
The relationship between exposure to a chemical and the spectrum of effects caused by the chemical
20
Q
dose
A
The amount of a chemical or physical agent that comes into contact with a living organism
Amount of toxin (mg)/weight of the consumer (kg) (mg/kg/day)
21
Q
absorbed dose
A
the amount of a substance that enters the body through the skin, eyes, lungs, or digestive tract and was taken up by organs or particular tissues
22
Q
total dose
A
the sum of all individual doses
23
Q
LD50
A
The dose it takes to kill 50% of the population exposed
24
Q
local effects
A
damage at the site where a chemical first comes into contact with the body
25
systemic effects
generalized distribution of the chemical throughout the body by the bloodstream to internal organs
26
target organ effects
```
some chemicals may confine their effects to specific organs
Hepatotoxicity
Cardiovascular toxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Lung toxicity
Neurotoxicity
Immunotoxicity
Reproductive toxicity
```
27
acute exposure
usually a single exposure for less than 24 hours
28
subacute exposure
exposure for one month or less
29
subchronic exposure
exposure for one to three months
30
chronic exposure
exposure for more than three months
31
Paracelsus
founder of toxicology
the dose makes the poison
32
ADME
Absorption: chemical enters the body (absorbed dose)
Distribution: chemical travels through bloodstream to target organ
Metabolism: bioactivation and detoxification
Excretion: chemical/metabolites removed from body
33
additive
the combined effect of two or more chemicals is equal to the sum of the individual effects
34
synergistic
the combined effect of two or more chemicals is greater than the sum of their individual effects
35
potentiation
when a non-toxic chemical causes another chemical to become more toxic (Ex. Benadryl/Codeine)
36
anatagonism
two chemicals interfere with each other’s actions or one interferes with the action of the other
37
bioactivation
toxins activated through bodily processes
38
detoxification
Toxins neutralized in the body
39
excretion
excreted out of body by kidneys
40
distribution
distributed through the different body systems
41
LOAEL(lowest observed adverse effect level)
lowest dose that an effect is observed
| study specific
42
NOAEL(no observed adverse effect level)
highest non-zero dose that no effect is observed
43
Bernadino Ramazzini
father of occupational medicine
44
Sir Percival Pott
demonstrated that cancer can be caused by an environmental carcinogen
45
Mathieu Orfila
father of toxicology
contributed to the foundation of forensic toxicology (arsenic)
46
Alice Hamilton
influential voice on addressing lead and other hazards
first woman appointed to Harvard faculty
47
Rachel Carson
wrote Silent Spring: founding text on environmental health
48
`fields within toxicology
```
environmental
reproductive
developmental
forensic
clinical
regulatory
```
49
dose-response curve
usually shows a linear relationship, except when dealing with endocrine disruptors
U-shaped for homeostasis, such as with vitamins
50
administered dose
the quantity administered usually orally or by injection
51
toxic dose
outcome that is not lethal, but still reaps adverse effects
52
factors that influence toxicity
route of entry into the body
duration f exposure
interactions between multiple chemicals
individual sensitivity/susceptibility
53
routes of exposure
ingestion: first goes through liver
inhalation: directly into blood
dermal contact: directly into blood
placenta: directly into blood
54
population dose-response
witness a normal distribution
resistant individuals on the left, sensitive individuals on the right
55
factors that influence toxicity
```
age
sex
race
health status
exercise
genetic make-up
history of previous exposures
```
56
phase 1,2,3 reactions
1: modification via oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
2: conjugation
3: further modification and excretion
57
types of toxicity studies
experimental studies in animals
tissue culture
human studies: epidemiology & clinical trials
58
limitations of animal studies
extrapolating across species to humans
extrapolating high exposures to actual human exposures that are lower
accounting for variation in human living conditions
accounting for interactions between chemicals
59
OSHA (occupational safety and health admin)
for workplace exposures
60
EPA (environment protection agency)
for chemicals in ambient air and water
important policies include TSCA, FIFRA, and Superfund (CERCLA)
61
endogenous
internal exposure
| hormones, ROS, lipid peroxidation, gut flora
62
exogenous
external exposure
| air, water, diet, skin
63
exposure assesment
quantitative estimation of exposure
| classification of exposure status relative to other members
64
approaches for assessing exposure
direct(more accurate)
indirect(less accurate)
all about concentration + context
65
tools for assessing exposure
```
questionnaires
record review
environmental measurements
personal monitoring
modeling: using models to make predictions real time
geographic/spatial assessments
biomonitoring measurements
biologically-based exposure markers
```
66
exposure dose equation
D= C*IR*AF*EF/BW
```
C= contaminant concentration
IR= intake rate of contaminated medium
AF= bio-availability factor
EF= exposure factor
BW= body weight
```
67
exposure factor equation
EF=(F*ED)/AT
```
F= frequency of exposure (days/year)
ED= exposure duration (years)
AT= averaging time (ED*365 days/year)
```
68
global-positioning systems (GPS)
allows individuals locations to be recorded over time
69
common exposure biomarkers
```
urine
blood
breast milk
saliva
hair
meconium
```
70
DAPs/Ops
organophosphate pesticide metabolite
have a short half-life in the body
can be collected via dust and biological samples
71
biokenetics
residence time of a toxicant in the body determines its utility as an exposure biomarker
72
adducts
relatively stable covalent bonds between toxicants and biological receptors
DNA-reactive small molecule + genomic dna 🧬
PAHs(smoking)
73
exposome
full lifetime of exposure
environmental exposure measurement in molecular biology
74
range of tools
```
classification
modeling
measurement based (chemistry&biology)
```
75
industrial hygiene
Occupational hygiene is the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and confirmation of protection from hazards at work that may result in injury, illness, or affect the well being of workers
divided between occupational sources
76
evaluation of current exposures
```
disasters(quick, real-time assessments)
environmental monitoring(everyday measurements)
```
77
post-hoc (post event) evaluation
prioritizing hazardous waste sites
closed factories
brownfield redevelopment
78
a priori assessment
future exposures
hazardous industrial facilities
pesticide registration
chemicals to be used in consumer products
79
risk assessment components
hazard ID: determine whether or not a chemical poses a hazard based on extensive scientific literature review
exposure assessment: estimate exposure under a particular scenario
dose-response assessment:quantify dose-response relationship
risk characterization: combine toxicity and exposure assessments to determine risk
80
top-down approach
population level
linking disease to the causes(chemicals): epidemiological, health stats
81
bottom-up approach
organism
toxicological harm: linking chemicals to disease : cells, animal models
82
risk assessors
provide scientific input to risk managers
specific intake levels
options for reducing risk
83
risk managers
decide how to response, may consider other factors than health protection alone
84
non -cancer risk assessment approaches
1: estimate dose; compare dose to health-based benchmarks
2: measure environmental concentration; compare environmental measurement to standard
85
reference dose
an estimate of the daily acute or chronic exposure, that is likely to be without risk of adverse effects
LOAEL,NOAEL, BENCHMARK/UF*MF
86
hazard quotient
ratio of exposure to the RfD
| HQ= exposure dose/RfD or EC/RfC or concentration/REL(reference exposure level)
87
maximum lifetime risk
maximum lifetime exposure * dose-response relationship
normal levels: 10^-5(Prop 65) or 10^-6(EPA)
88
Prop 65
safe drinking water and toxic enforcement act 1986
| chemicals have to labeled as carcinogens or reproductive toxicants
89
prop 65 benchmarks
maximum allowable dose level: reproductive risk; MADL
-NOAEL/1000
no significance risk level: cancer; NSRL
90
mass spectral fingerprinting
for chemical ID
| strong clean peak produces high quality match
91
sensitivity factor for young children
10
92
high priorities for future exposure/risk studies
siloxanes
fragrance-related compounds
terpenes
93
types of laboratory studies
in vitro: cell lines
| in vivo: primates, mice, etc
94
epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations
looking at presence and absence of disease
95
confounding variable
affects response variable (Y) and is also related to explanatory variable (X)
96
randomized control trial
often in clinical trials, experimental
gold standard for stats
unethical, expensive, limited generalizability
97
prospective cohort
follow group exposures and disease incidence
can assess temporal relationships
need large numbers for rare outcomes, confounding
98
case-control
compare w/ and w/o disease/exposure/risk
cost ands time efficient
must be careful about selection of cases and controls
99
retrospective cohort
defines incidence in an existing group
100
cross-sectional
snap-shopt in time: exposure vs. prevalence
ethical, easy to implement, prevalence
prone to reverse causation, non-response bias
101
ecological study
group exposure and group level prevalence/outcome
| great for groups, but subject to ecological fallacy, no causality
102
disease cluster
group of similar diseases (usually cancer cluster)
103
case series
collection of cases, subject to selection bias
systematic review of common features of a small number of cases
timely, but no causation
104
broad types of epidemiology
descriptive: examines the distribution of a disease
analytical: tests a specific hypothesis(cohort, case-control, RCT)
105
epidemiological triangle
host, agent, environment
106
Bradford-Hill's Criteria pf Causality
```
strength
consistency
specificity
temporality
biological gradient
plausibility
coherence
```
107
challenges in environmental epi
contaminants usually at very low levels
many are in complex mixtures
multiple routes of exposure
exposure levels do not differ much amongst individuals
relative risk can be low although exposed populations may be large
108
limits of epi studies
long latency periods
low incidence and prevalence
difficulties in exposure assessment
nonspecific effects
109
importance of environmental epi
reduction of infectious diseases
increase in human lifespan
increase in chronic disease
110
relative risk (RR)
```
`for probability
calculated from cohort/prospective studies
>1: risk
=1: no association
<1: protective factor
```
111
odds ratio (OR)
event that already happened
calculated for cross-sectional studies\>1: risk
=1: no association
<1: protective factor
112
probability vs. odds
p: outcome/total trials
o: probability/(1-probability)
113
CHAMACOS
Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas
study to examine: growth, neurobehavioral development, respiratory disease, pubertal onset
longitudinal birth cohort study
114
pesticide
any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, and mitigating any pest
has both ecological and human health risks
115
types of pesticides
insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, microbide
116
first-generation
inorganic, sulfur was first
| metals: arsenic, lead, mercury
117
DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; pesticide used post WW2
was banned in 1972, replaced by OPs, pyrethroids, neonicotinids
118
FIFRA
```
federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act
passed in 1947
addresses:
toxicity
exposure
risk
food tolerance
propriety
```
119
why children are more exposed/vulnerable to toxins
frequent contact with ground
hand-to-mouth activity
less varied diet
eat, drink, breathe more per kg
spend most of time indoors(indoor contaminants)
metabolically and developmentally underdeveloped
120
food quality protection act of 1996
considered specific vulnerabilities of children
RfD= NOAEL/UF
UF=10*10*MF
121
DMs
OP pesticide metabolites
children who eat more inorganic fruits and veggies have more DMs
122
PON1 gene
if children have low concentration of PON1, they may be at higher risk
123
pyrethroids
constitute the majority of commercial household insecticides
124
nicotinyls
insecticide hurts bees
125
central dogma
dna-rna-protein
126
DNA
2 meters, 6.6 ft
heterochromatin: dark, dense
euchromatin: light, allows for dna expression
127
epigenetics
changes in gene expression that do not depend on the DNA sequence, can be stable through cell division
ex: X-chromosome inactivation, as seen in Calico cats
transgenerational inheritance seen in animals: seen in fear conditioning
gatekeeper of info: biological memory(the past) + epigenetic programming(for the future)
128
common epigenetic modifications
DNA methylation and histone modifications for regulating gene expression
129
CpG site
C nucleotide followed by a G: CG dinucleotide
130
CpG islands
regions with high density of CpG sites
131
epigenetic signature
each cell-type has its own
| epigenetic marks are tissue specific
132
epigenetic fingerprint
degree of methylation goes down significantly after implantation, in presence of imprinted genes during critical window
133
Barker's hypothesis
fetal programming of adult disease
first 9 months can shape the rest of your life
134
types of epigenetic marker changes
some are rapid: flight or flight, infection
| some are "ink", so hard to change
135
epigenome
biomarkers of exposure and response to the early life environment
the epigenetic info in a cell
is malleable
different tissues have same genome but different epigenome
136
EWAS
epigenome-wide association study: testing CGs across the genome
ex: prenatal smoking causes placental DNA methylation, lowering birth rate: PBX1 gene faulty, mediates osteogenesis
cord blood as biomarker
137
DOHaD
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: early life environment can program health and disease later in life
138
epigenetic clock
correlated with chronological age, using methylation of many genes
an increase in PM2.5 from air pollution correlated with age acceleration
139
organochlorine pesticides
doubling in exposure correlated with age acceleration
140
nasal methylome
air pollution biomarker; accessible source of qDNA, direct contact with the environment
141
OSHA
encourages employers/employees to reduce number of hazards
provides separate but dependent responsibilities for employers and employees
authorizes formation of mandatory standards
provides for research in the field
provides new ways to discover latent diseases
provides training programs
provides enforcement
provides appropriate reporting procedures
142
NIOSH (Northern California Center of Occupational & Environmental Health)
protects workers and communities from occupational and environmental health hazards through teaching, research, and service
143
occupational hygiene
anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and prevention of hazards from work
144
occupational hazards
biological
chemical
physical/ergonomic
psychosocial
145
ergonomics
a multi disciplinary science that applies principles based on the physical and psychological capabilities of people to the design or modification of jobs, equipment, products, and workplaces
contributing disciplines: psychology, medicine, physiology, anatomy, anthropology, industrial design
146
two injury mechanisms
sudden force/impact trauma: contusion, laceration, fracture, amputation, joint subluxation : prevent these through safety measures
-acute injury
volitional activity/overuse injury: tendonitis, tendonosis, nerve entrapment, myofascial pain, low back pain: what ergonomics deals with
-repetitive strain, injury, fatigue
147
cause of musculoskeletal disorders
```
poor joint positioning causing weakening/lengthening of ligaments
shortening/weakening of muscles
overloading of muscles/tendons
decreased circulation
compression of nerves
```
148
tendon disorders
shoulder
elbow
wrist
finger
149
tendon injuries
tendonopathies
can occur in the midsubstance of a tendon or common near the enthesis: distributes and absorbs stress over a broader area
tear area is higher in tendons from loaded limb
150
carpal tunnel
most common peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome
due to compression
151
hand arm vibration syndrome
changes in sensory perception which can lead to permanent numbness of fingers, muscle weakness and in some cases, bouts of white finger
vascular tissue constricts
152
lumbar spine disorders
usually having to do with disc problems
153
physical risk factors
force: N, kg
repetition: reps/min, reps/cycle time
awkward postures: degrees, %
mechanical or contact pressure: N/cm^2
environmental factors: vibration, cold temperature, excessive light/sound
154
combination of risk factors
OR increases when high force, repetition and awkward posture coexist in a job
155
hierarchy of controls
elimination: best, most effective
substitution: replace hazard
engineering controls: isolate people from the hazard
administrative controls: change the way people work
PPE: least effective
156
reasons for software redesign
frustration: widespread user confusion and difficulty
efficiency: extra time to complete the task
health effects: widespread keyboard and mouse-related problems
-clicking too much can lead to musculoskeletal disorders
157
load carrying
culturally significant activity
negative musculoskeletal health impacts
pelvic organ prolapse
158
microgesture project
fatigue and injury risk with long time manipulation
159
eugenics
deals with all influences which improve the inborn qualities of a race
160
Tuskegee Syphilis study
600 low income black people
treatment with penicillin withheld
resulted in Belmont report
161
Nazi Experiments: WW2
Jewish, Roma, POWs, disabled
direct connection between California eugenics thinkers and Nazi policies
resulted in Nuremberg code
162
Guatemala STD experiments (1946-1948)
soldiers, prostitutes, prisoners and mental patients intentionally infected with STDs
discovered 2005
apology 2010
163
Jewish Chronic Disease study (1963)
```
Brooklyn, NY
injection of live cancer cells
consent not documented
no ethics review
unethical post WW2
```
164
regulatory/ethical response to unethical research
```
Nuremberg Code (1948)
Declaration of Helsinki 91964)
Creation of NIH OPRR leading to IRBs (1966)
National Research Act-NCPHS (19740
Belmont Report (1978)
Common Rule (1991)
```
165
Nuremberg Code (1948)
voluntary
about mitigating risk
prior knowledge-animal data first
166
Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
world medical association
set standard for clinical research
m oral but not legal, no implications
167
modern system
idea that people who do research cannot be trusted to do it in an ethical way
168
National Research Act-NCPHS (1974)
national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research
169
Belmont Report
autonomy: respect for the person
beneficence: do good
justice: fair distribution of risk
170
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
protect the rights and welfare of human subjects, severe legal implications if stuff goes wrong
support university's research mission
review conduct of research guided by principles set forth in Belmont Report
171
casic committee recommendations
study is necessary and scientifically valid
societal benefits outweigh anticipated risks
reasonable certainty of no adverse effects
all of recognized ethical standards are observed
172
Lockwood review
```
concerns with:
scientific validity
experimental design
generalizability
consent
adherence to standards
```
173
EPA rules on pesticide studies
all pregnant, nursing women banned
all children banned
anyone who cannot provide consent banned
174
critique of Belmont Report
operates at individual level
| fails to address environmental justice and community-based research
175
CHAMACOS Advisory Structure: Community Advisory Board
farmworker council
scientific advisory board
youth community council
growers council
176
outdoor air pollution
multiple sources
mixture of gases and particulate matter
traffic-related air pollution
secondary pollution occurs via a photochemical reaction
177
household air pollution
increase risk of lower BW and pneumonia
| increase risk of COPD, lung cancer, cataracts, cardiovascular disease
178
air quality regulation in US
California Air Resourvces Board (1967)
| Clean Air Act (1970)
179
EPA criteria pollutants
most dangerous: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter
180
ozone
prototypic oxidant pollutant
major source: motor vehicle emissions
photochem during sunny afternoons
can lead to asthma: increase exposure + increased respiratory rate
181
nitrogen dioxide
oxidant gas
sources: combustion of fossil fuels
marker of traffic emissions
182
particulate matter
mixture including particles of differing origin and varying size
2.5: fossil fuel combustion, most regulated: causes adipocyte inflammation and insulin resistance
<0.1: ultrafines; fossil fuel combustion
10-2.5: road dust and crustal material
effects: asthma, decreased lung function growth, mortality, lung cancer, adverse birth outcomes(low BW, premies), metabolic effects(obesity, diabetes), neurological effects
183
environmental justice
social determinants of environmental health disparities
184
Warren County
employed civil rights tactics
notion of environmental racism
changed the face and orientation of the movement even thought they lost the battle
185
cumulative impacts EJ
multiple hazards where communities live, work, and play
vulnerability due to chronic social stressors
186
triple jeopardy social inequality
disparities in exposures
social vulnerability
biological susceptibility
187
3 R's of participatory research (CBPR)
rigor: community involvement promotes good science
relevance: asking the right questions
reach: disseminate knowledge to advance policy change
188
endocrine-disrupting chemicals
interfere with endocrine system
an exogenous chemical or mixture of chemicals, that interferes with any aspect of hormone action
189
Theo Colborn
mother of the field of EDCs
190
EDC effects
could be sex-specific
timing of exposure matters: puberty, reproduction, aging
route of exposure and kinetics matter
191
endocrine system function
```
maintain internal homeostasis
support cell growth
coordinate development
coordinate reproduction
facilitate responses to external stimuli
```
192
examples of hormones affected
```
leptin
aldosterone
cortisol
E/NE
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
glucagon
insulin
```
193
sender
sending cell
194
signal
hormone
195
nondestructive medium
serum and hormone binders (transport proteins)
196
selective receiver
receptor protein
197
transducer
transducer proteins and secondary messengers(like GPCRS)
198
amplifier
transducer/effector enzymes
199
effector
effector proteins that carry out message
200
response
cellular response via secondary hormones
201
kinda of hormones
proteins/peptides
lipids(steroids, eicosanoids)
amino acid derived(thryronines, neurotransmitters)
gases(NO, CO)
202
hormone receptors
cellular proteins that bind with high affinity to hormones and are altered in shape and function by binding; exist in limited numbers
203
binding to hormone
similar to lock&key mech
is noncovalent and reversible
204
membrane receptors
embedded in target membrane
205
nuclear receptors
act in pairs and bind to specific hormone recognition elements (HREs), which are on the DNA promoter regions of target genes
206
agonist
ligand that binds and mimics action of endogenous ligand
207
antagonist
block effect of agonist through competitive binding
208
evidence for EDCs
abnormal thyroid function
diminished fertility and demasculization/defeminization
eggshell thinning
209
reasons for EDCs
synthesized commercially
produced as byproduct of manufacturing process
naturally-occurring substances found in plants
210
how EDCs are distributed
introduced by point and diffusion sources
fate and transport: chemicals produced locally can show up in multiple places
211
types of edcs
```
pesticides
ordinary household products
industrial chemicals
plastics
pharmaceuticals
heavy metals
```
212
classes of EDCs
```
estrogens
anti-estrogens
anti-androgens
progestogens
adrenal toxins
thyrotoxic agents
aryl hydrocarbons
pancreatic toxins
metals
retinoids
```
213
results of disruptions
```
inability to maintain homeostasis
altered growth and development
altered responses to external stimuli
altered behavior
suppressed gametogenesis
elevated gestational losses
embryonic malformation
induced neoplasia or carcinogenesis
```
214
most common health effects
diabetes/metabolic syndrome
early puberty
obesity
215
obesogens
EDCs that can increase adipose tissue mass
216
mechs of sex hormone endocrine disruption
interference with hormone synthesis
disruption of transport
effects on receptor binding/function
217
EDC dose-response curve
typically non-linear, no effects as you increase dose
218
DDT health effects
cancer
impaired breast feeding
decreased sperm counts/reduced fertility
impaired neurological function type 2 diabetes
219
PFASs
non-stick, waterproof, oil resistant and stain-resistant chemicals
long carbon-chain back
stable in environment
half-live is 3-8 years in humans
nuclear receptors, affects metabolism of sex steroids
220
exposure dose
the amount of a xenobiotic encountered in the environment
221
administered dose
quantity administered usually orally or by injection
222
ppb
parts per billion
a vey small quantity used to measure chemicals in the blood or urine
223
target effect
the specific organ that the toxin reaches
224
first pass effect
involves toxins reaching the liver fist to be detoxified, has to do with ingestion
225
lifetime exposure risk of cancer
40%
226
GGRF
revenue from regulation of industrial greenhouse gas emissions targeted fo investment in projects that educe pollution and emissions in poor communities as well as enhance co-benefits of GHG
227
AB32
global warming solutions act of 2006
228
AB1532
GHG reduction fund
investment plan of 2012
229
SB535
GHG Reduction fun
disadvantaged communities of 2012
more ambitious goals
230
benefits of EJSM pocess
enhances scientific validity of data
ensures metric and ranking choices are transparent
builds stakeholder trust in EJSM for regulatory policy, land use planning, and community processes
231
five categorries of cumulative impact
proximity to hazards and sensitive land uses
health risk and exposure
social and health vulnerability
climate change vulnerability
drinking water
232
SB32
40% reductions of GHG by 2030
233
AB 617
new “community focused” strategy to improve air quality in California
234
executive order 12898
This Executive Order directs federal agencies to make achieving environmental justice part of its mission by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high adverse human health or environmental effects of its activities on minority and low-income populations.
235
London Smog
took place in 1952 due to burning coal and stagnant wind
UK parliament passed UK Clean Air Act in 1956
236
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
protect agains HAPs, outdoor pollutants, carcinogens, reproductive toxicants
