exam 2

Question 1

The sun emits the majority of its radiation in the form of ___ radiation

Answer 1

shortwave

Question 2

The earth emits the majority of its radiation in the form of ___ radiation

Answer 2

longwave

Question 3

The peak wavelength of energy from the earth is ___

Answer 3

10 um

Question 4

The peak wavelength of energy from the sun is ___

Answer 4

0.5um

Question 5

___ is the heat associated with changing water from a solid to a liquid

Answer 5

latent heat

Question 6

when atmospheric water vapor condenses to form clouds, ___ is released and the atmosphere is ___

Answer 6

latent heat is released and the atmosphere is warmed

Question 7

the 3 layers that describe the ocean’s vertical temperature structure are

Answer 7

surface mixed layer, thermocline, deep zone

Question 8

varying sea surface salinity values fluctuate as a result of what 2 processes

Answer 8

evaporation and precipitation

Question 9

the greenhouse effect is driven by the fact that greenhouse gases are

Answer 9

good absorbers of longwave radiation and poor absorbers of shortwave radiation

Question 10

true or false: co2 and H2o are atmospheric selective absorbers that shelter us from the sun’s harmful incoming UV rays

Answer 10

false

Question 11

what feature most specifically describes a rapid change in ocean temperature with depth

Answer 11

thermocline

Question 12

the phase changes associated with ___ and ____ warm the atmosphere

Answer 12

condensation and freezing

Question 13

coriolis deflects pressure gradient induced winds to the ___ in the southern hemisphere and ____ in the northern hemisphere

Answer 13

left in the southern, right in the northern

Question 14

true/false: the inter-tropical convergence zone is a region of high pressure and arid (dry) conditions

Answer 14

false

Question 15

according to the 3 cell general circulation model, surface winds are ___ directly south of the equator and ___ directly north of the equator

Answer 15

southeasterly south of the equator, northeasterly directly north of the equator

Question 16

where are the highest values of sea surface salinity found in our global oceans

Answer 16

tropics 30 degrees N/S

Question 17

according to the single cell circulation model, atmospheric circulation is driven by

Answer 17

the temperature contrast between the equator and poles

Question 18

the inter-tropical convergence zone is a region of converging ___ surface winds

Answer 18

easterly

Question 19

the inter-tropical convergence zone is a region of latitudinal ___ pressure

Answer 19

low

Question 20

atmospheric surface winds are driven in the direction of __ pressure to __ pressure gradients

Answer 20

high pressure to low pressure

Question 21

according to the 3 cell general circulation model, a latitudinal band of surface ___ pressure located at 60 degrees latitude

Answer 21

low

Question 22

according to the 3 cell general circulation model, ___ vertical motion is expected in this location

Answer 22

rising

Question 23

hurricanes rotate __ in the southern hemisphere

Answer 23

clockwise

Question 24

hurricanes rotate ___ in the northern hemisphere

Answer 24

counterclockwise

Question 25

what are the names of the winds in the earth's tropical regions (30 degrees south to 30 degrees north)

Answer 25

NE and SE trades

Question 26

according to the 3 cell generatl circulation model, the wettest regions of the earth should be found near

Answer 26

the equator and 60 degree latitude

Question 27

according to the 3 cell generatl circulation model, the driest regions on earth should be found near

Answer 27

30 degrees N/S latitude and the polar regions

Question 28

what is the name of the winds in the mid-latitude regions

Answer 28

westerlies

Question 29

given your knowledge of the vertical motion of air in the 3 cell model, where would you expect to find our plants rainforests

Answer 29

equatorial region

Question 30

the winter monsoon in india is associated with ___

Answer 30

dry conditions

Question 31

the winter monsoon in india is associated with ___ wind flow

Answer 31

onshore to offshore

Question 32

hadley cell vertical circulation consists of

Answer 32

rising air at the equator and sinking air at 30 degrees N/S

Question 33

how do you directly describe the inter-tropical convergence zone

Answer 33

major latitudinal band of precipitation

Question 34

western boundary currents carry what type of water in what direction

Answer 34

warm water poleward

Question 35

ekman transport moves __ surface waters

Answer 35

warm

Question 36

ekman transport moves warm surface waters to the __

Answer 36

left

Question 37

ekman transport moves warm surface waters to the left in the ___ hemisphere

Answer 37

southern

Question 38

ekman transport which results from the wind stress of the trades and westerlies in both northern and southern hemisphere ocean basins creates a __ of ___ surface water and ___ dynamic topography

Answer 38

creates a CONVERGENCE of WARM surface water and ELEVATED dynamic topography

Question 39

coastal UPWELLING is a result of the ekman transport of ___ water which ___ surface water productivity

Answer 39

(upwelling) WARM water OFFSHORE which INCREASES surface water productivity

Question 40

coastal DOWNWELLING is a result of the ekman transport of __ water ___ which ___ surface water productivity

Answer 40

(downwelling) WARM water ONSHORE which DECREASES surface water productivity

Question 41

equatorial __ is a result of trade wind ___ and ekman transport surface ___ which ___ the productivity of the surface waters

Answer 41

equatorial UPWELLING is a result of trade wind CONVERGENCE and ekman transport surface DIVERGENCE which INCREASES the productivity of the surface waters

Question 42

cyclonic hurricane wind rotation (northern hemisphere) over the ocean results in what 3 things

Answer 42

ocean surface divergence, thermocline elevation, and upwelling

Question 43

gulf stream warm core eddies rotate ___ and ___ surface bioproductivity

Answer 43

gulf stream warm core eddies rotate CLOCKWISE and DECREASE surface bioproductivity

Question 44

geostrophic flow travels ___ to dynamic topography iso-heights as a balance between what 2 forces

Answer 44

geostrophic flow travels PARALLEL to dynamic topography iso-heights as a balance between the coriolis force and the pressure gradient force

Question 45

true/false: thermohaline circulation serves to oxygenate the deep ocean basis and is density driven

Answer 45

true

Question 46

the phase velocity of shallow water waves is primarily a function of

Answer 46

depth

Question 47

the period of a wave is defined as

Answer 47

the time measured between successive wave crests

Question 48

the term "dispersion" is associated with ___ water waves because in that regime, wave speed is calculated primarily as a function of ___

Answer 48

the term "dispersion" is associated with DEEP water waves because in that regime, wave speed is calculated primarily as a function of WAVELENGTH

Question 49

how is phase speed related to the group speed for a deep water wave

Answer 49

phase speed is 2x faster than group speed

Question 50

what is shoaling

Answer 50

waves approaching the shore

Question 51

wave refraction associated with shoaling is associated with ___ water waves

Answer 51

SHALLOW

Question 52

wave refraction associated with shoaling is associated with SHALLOW water waves because in that regime, wave speed is calculated primarily as a function of ____

Answer 52

DEPTH

Question 53

what is another term for wave speed

Answer 53

celerity

Question 54

what is an embayment

Answer 54

a recess in a coastline forming a bay

Question 55

as wave fronts approach an embayment, wave refraction leads to a ____ of wave crests and wave energy

Answer 55

divergence

Question 56

surface sea ice formation (freezing)

Answer 56

extracts salt bring from the ice crystal structure which increases sea surface density

Question 57

which of the atlantic ocean water masses above is antarctic immediate water

Answer 57

B

Question 58

where can we find the highest density values in the TS diagram above

Answer 58

lower right

Question 59

which of the following is not considered a disturbing force for waves

Answer 59

surface tension

Question 60

tsunamis are classified as ___ water waves

Answer 60

shallow

Question 61

tsunamis propagate across ocean basins at approximately __ mph

Answer 61

500

Question 62

shallow water waves have __ orbits at the surface

Answer 62

elliptical

Question 63

shallow water waves have elliptical orbits at the surface, which transition to ___ motion over the sediment at the bottom

Answer 63

back and forth

Question 64

what type of breaking wave is associated with the steepest shoaling slope?

Answer 64

surging breaker