exam 3 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
Rogue waves form as a result of what 2 interactions
A
wave-wave interaction and wave-current interaction
2
Q
Ocean tides are classified as
A
shallow water waves
3
Q
The point of the moon’s orbit when it is closest to earth is named the
A
perigee
4
Q
what is the perigee
A
the point of the moon’s orbit when it is closest to earth
5
Q
what are the 2 primary tide generating forces
A
centripetal and gravitational
6
Q
what do centripetal and gravitational forces generate
A
tides
7
Q
the center of mass for the earth-moon system orbit is known as the
A
barycenter
8
Q
what is the barycenter
A
the center of mass for the earth-moon system orbit
9
Q
according to equilibrium theory, the 2 resultant tidal bulges are named
A
the inertial bulge and the gravitational bulge
10
Q
What is a lunar day
A
the time between successive overhead moons
11
Q
How long is a lunar day
A
25 hours 50 minutes
12
Q
Why is the moon’s gravity/intertia bulge larger than the sun’s?
A
the moon is closer
13
Q
According to equilibrium theory, how many high and low tides do we experience each day?
A
two high tides, two low tides
14
Q
what is an ebb tide?
A
when tidal waters move away from the shore
15
Q
when do spring tides occur?
A
the earth, moon, and sun are all in alignment
16
Q
what is a tidal range?
A
difference between high tide and low tide levels
17
Q
what type of tide has the largest tidal range?
A
spring tide
18
Q
what is the declination of the moon’s orbit around earth?
A
28.5 degrees
19
Q
rogue waves form as a result of
A
wave-wave interaction and wave-current interaction
20
Q
what are the 3 key points of equilibrium theory
A
- stronger gravitational attraction to moon
- creates 2 bulges
- caused by gravitational and centripetal forces
21
Q
equilibrium theory: does the earth have a stronger attraction to the sun or the moon?
A
the moon
22
Q
equilibrium theory: describe the 2 bulges it creates
A
one towards the moon and one away from it
23
Q
equilibrium theory: what 2 type of forces does it create
A
gravitational and centripetal
24
Q
what are tides
A
the cyclic rise and fall of sea level
25
what is time length/period of tides? short or long?
very long period, 12 & 24 hour
26
are tides deep or shallow?
shallow
27
how are tides caused?
gravitational attraction of the sun, moon, and earth
28
how are tides complicated?
by declination, elliptical orbits, continents, bathymetry, and ocean friction
29
equilibrium theory: what are the 2 types of GRAVITATIONAL forces?
zenith and nadir
30
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
where is the greatest force?
zenith
31
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is zenith the greatest force or least force?
greatest
32
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is zenith closest to the moon or farthest from the moon?
closest
33
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
where is the least force?
nadir
34
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is nadir the greatest force or least force?
least
35
equilibrium theory: gravitational forces
is nadir closest to the moon or farthest from the moon?
farthest
36
equilibrium theory: centripetal forces
what does this force tether together?
earth and moon to each other
37
equilibrium theory: centripetal forces
what does this force do?
force that keeps earth orbiting the sun
force that keeps the moon orbiting the earth
38
what is the barycenter in the earth-moon system?
the earth-moon system orbits around their common center of gravity
odd offset orbital design
39
which is a faster orbit: the earth or the moon?
earth
40
what is perigee
moon is closest to us
41
what is apogee
moon is farthest from us
42
what are the 2 tide generating forces?
gravitational and cetripetal
43
what do you get when you subtract the center of mass (centripetal) force from the total gravitational force at each point?
tidal force
44
how do you calculate tidal force?
gravitational point (minus) centripetal force
repeat at each point
45
what shape is an "idealistic" tide?
football
46
resulting tide generating forces push water into what?
two simultaneous bulges
47
what are the two resulting tide generated bulges called?
inertial bulge, gravitational bulge
opposite ends of the earth
the earth rotates inside these two bulges that are football shaped
48
what is the time between high tides
12 hours and 25 minutes
49
what is the time between two successive overhead moons and what is that called
lunar day
| 24 hours and 50 minutes
50
which matters more in gravity: distance or mass? how does this relate to tides?
distance
even though the sun is so much bigger, the moon is a lot closer to the earth and distance matters more than mass
51
what is a flood tide?
water moves toward shore
52
what is an ebb tide?
water moves away from shore
53
what are the two types of tides in the monthly tidal cycle?
spring tide and neap tide
54
what is a spring tide?
new or full moons
| tidal range is the greatest
55
what is a neap tide?
quarter moons
| tidal range is the least
56
what moon phase do we expect highest tide?
answer
57
what moon phase would we expect lowest tides?
answer
58
what is another term for spring tide?
syzygy
59
what is another term for neap tide?
quadrature
60
what moon phase is spring tide occurring?
new moon, full moon
61
what moon phase is neap tide occurring
1st and 3rd quarter
62
the inertial bulge pushes water which way to the moon? (tides)
water bulges away from the moon
63
the gravitational bulge pushes water which way to the moon? (tides)
water bulges toward the moon
64
moon's declination introduced ...
diurnal inequality
65
the gravitational and inertial bulges don't rotate around the earth. instead,
the earth rotates inside of or beneath the bulges
66
when is diurnal variation the greatest
when the moon is at its max declinations of 28 degrees and roughly over the tropics
67
what is it called when diurnal variation is the greatest
tropic tides
68
when is diurnal variation the lowerst
when the moon is at its minimum zero degrees, the moon is vertically above the equator and there is no diurnal variation
69
what is it called when there is no diurnal variation
the tides are called equatorial tides
70
what is a small high tide
equatorial tide
71
what is a large high tide
tropic tide
72
what is diurnal inequality
the differences between two high tides
73
what type of tide happens when sun and moon are equal?
high tides, spring tides, szyzgy
74
what type of tide happens when sun and moon are offset
low tides, neap, quadrature
75
earth orbiting around the sun: tidal range is the greatest at
perihelion (January)
76
earth orbiting around the sun: tidal range is the least at
aphelion (july)
77
crests and troughs of tides rotate around what point
amphidromic point
78
cotidal lines
connect simultaneous high tide points
79
tide waves rotate once every how many hours
12
80
what are amphidromic systems determined by
basin geometry and the coriolis force
81
at the amphidromic point, what is the tidal range
zzero
82
what rotates outward from the amphidromic point
co-tidal lines
83
what are the 3 real tide classifications
diurnal, semidirunal, mixed
84
real tide classification: what is diurnal
one high tide, one low tide per day
85
real tide classification: what is semidiurnal
2 high tides, 2 low tides per day
| the tidal range is about the same
86
real tide classification: what is mixed
2 high tides, 2 low tides per day
the tidal range is different (most common)
declination of the moon
87
what is the most common real tide classification
mixed
88
whats a seiche wave
a standing wave, causes extreme high and low tides
| example: bay of fundy the video of the boat in the bay timelapse
89
what does chemosynthesis create
h2s = hydrogen sulfide
90
what type of organism makes their own food
autotroph
91
what type of organism can't make their own food
heterotrophs
92
what 2 types of shells are there
calcareous and siliceous
93
what 4 organic compounds do autotrophs produce
glucose, carbs, fats, proteins
94
which are primary producers
autotrophs
95
where does autotrophic energy requirement come from
sun (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis)
96
what are inorganic chemical reactions
chemosynthesis
97
what are giant tube worms
most abundant species located in hydrothermal vents
no digestive system
found in rifts
98
what are zooxanthellae
dinoflagellates that live symbiotically within the corals
99
how do polyps get their food
40% nutrients from photosynthesis and 60% from filter feeding
100
corals take in ___ and give off ___
corals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
101
what are coral polyps and how do they capture prey
cnidaria use stinging cells to capture prey
102
what do coral do when they're stressed
expell zoocanthellae and lead to bleached reefs due to rising temperatures
103
what do zooxanthellae help produce
glucose
104
what are the 2 types of marine plankton
phytoplankton and zooplankton
some stay small as microplankton
some grow into larger animals like jellyfish or crustaceans
105
how does ekman transport help marine life
nutrients move into upper water column driven by ekman transport. cold water comes up creating nutrient rich waters
106
what are the 2 types of phytoplankton
coccolithophores and diatoms
107
what are the 2 types of zooplankton
foraminifera and radiolarians
108
what type of shell do coccolithophores have
calcareous
109
what type of shell do diatoms have
siliceous
110
what type of shell do foraminifera have
calcareous
111
what type of shell do radiolarians have
siliceous
112
what do phytoplankton: coccolithophores make
oxygen, blue creamy blooms
113
what is widely beneficial about foraminifera
```
their arms are used to provide climate proxy data
glacial periods (ice age)
```
114
which has glass-like exoskeletons
radiolarians
115
who made the first complete classificatory system for radiolarians
Ernst Haeckel
116
what are dinoflagellates
unicellular phytoplankton OR zooplankton
117
what are the 3 types of dinoflagellate groups
zooxanthellae - endosymbionts
noctilluca - biolluminescent
alexandrium - shellfish poisoning
118
how does shellfish poisoning happen
too many dinoflaggellates build up in bivalves
119
what phylum do crabs, lobsters, shrimp belong to
arthropoda
120
chitons are what class
polyplacophora
121
chitons are what phylum
mollusca
122
crabs are what phylum
arthropoda
123
lobsters are what phylum
arthropoda
124
shrimp are what phylum
arthropoda
125
what does the term sessile mean
fixed in one place or anchored
126
the crown of thorns starfish preys mostly on what phyla
cnidaria
127
some species of ctenophores capture their prey with what
colloblasts
128
what phylum are sea stars and sand dollars
echinodermata
129
what phylum do cephalopods belong do
mollusca
130
what type of cephalopods are able to change color
chromatophores
131
what are the 2 main body forms for cnidarians
polyp and medusa
132
what phylum do giant tube worms belong
annelida
133
what is another word for crypsis
camouflage
134
which phylum can regenerate limbs
echinoderms
135
which phylum relies on constant water flow through their bodies for oxygen, food and waste removal
porifera
136
what are collar cells
cells lining sponge interior for forcing water through the body, bringing in nutrients and removing waste
137
on question 13
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