Exam 2 Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
What is the cutaneous innervation of upper medial quadrant
A
1) Posterior rami of L1-3
2) S1-3
2
Q
Cutaneous innervation of lateral quadrant
A
1) Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
2) Anterior rami T12
3
Q
Cutaneous innervation of Lower medial quadrant
A
Branches from posterior femoral nerves (S1-3)
4
Q
Cutaneous innervation of lower lateral quadrant
A
Branches from lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (S2-3)
5
Q
What are the two major fascias that are associated with the gluteal region
A
1) Deep Fascia
2) Superficial Fascia
6
Q
Describe the deep fascia that’s associated with the gluteal region
A
1) Continuous with deep fascia of thigh (fascia Lata)
2) Attached to iliac crest and lateral condyle of tibia
3) Continues as iliotibial tract on lateral surface of thigh
7
Q
Describe the Superficial Fascia of Gluteal Region
A
1) Tied down to bottom of buttock
2) Forms gluteal (natal) fold
8
Q
What is the Deep fascia of the gluteal region relationship with gluteus medius and Maximus muscle
A
1) Covers outer surface of gluteus medius and splits to enclose gluteus Maximus
9
Q
What forms sheath for tensor fascia latae muscle?
A
Iliotibial tract
10
Q
Purpose of the Greater sciatic foramen
A
Passageway for structure entering or leaving the pelvis
11
Q
What is the purpose for the lesser sciatic foramen
A
Passageway for structures entering or leaving perineum
12
Q
What are the structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramen
A
1) Piriformis Muscle
2) Sciatic Nerve
3) Superior/inferior gluteal vessels and nerves
4) Pudendal nerve
5) Internal pudendal artery/vein
6) Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
7) Nerves to quadratus femoral and obturator inter us
13
Q
What are the structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen
A
1) Tendon of obturator internus
2) Nerve to obturator internus
3) Pudendal nerve
4) Internal pudendal vessels
14
Q
What are the attachments of the sacrotuberous ligaments
A
Posterior iliac spine
Lower sacrum
Coccyx to ischial tuberosity
15
Q
Describe the attachments of the sacrospinous ligaments
A
Sacrum
Coccyx to ischial spine
16
Q
Which ligament divides greater sciatic notch into greater sciatic foramen and lesser sciatic foramen
A
Sacrospinous
17
Q
List the posterior gluteal compartment muscle(s)
A
Gluteus Maximus
18
Q
List the Lateral gluteal compartment muscles
A
Gluteus medius
Gluteus Minimus
Tensor fascia latae
19
Q
What is the collective function of the abductor gluteal muscles
A
Prevent pelvis and body from falling to the unsupported side when one foot is off the ground
20
Q
What is the function of the 6 deep external rotators of the gluteal group
A
Rotate unsupported side of pelvis forward to increase stride
21
Q
Describe the origin of the Gluteus Maximus
A
Posterior gluteal line of ilium
Surfaces of sacrum
Coccyx
Sacrotuberous ligament
22
Q
Where does the gluteus Maximus insert
A
Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
23
Q
What are the actions of gluteus maximus
A
1) Extends and externally rotates thigh
2) Extends pelvis by reverse action when lower limbs are flexed
3) Necessary for rising from seated position, climbing, running to jumping
* * Not required for normal walking
24
Q
Describe the innervation and vascular supply of the gluteus Maximus
A
Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5, S1-2)
Inferior Gluteal Artery (From internal iliac)
25
What separates the gluteus medius and minimus
Superior gluteal nerve
26
Describe the innervation and vascular supply of the lateral gluteal compartment
Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
| Superior gluteal artery (via internal iliac)
27
What is the collective function of the lateral gluteal compartment
Hip abduction with free-swinging limb
***Tensor of fascia lata and anterior deep gluteal fibers also act as medial rotators of the thigh
28
What’s the origin of the gluteus medius
1) Ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
| 2) Gluteal aponeurosis
29
Describe the origin of the gluteus minimus
Ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
30
Describe the origin of the tensor of fascia lata
Outer lip of iliac crest and ASIS
31
What is the insertion of gluteus medius
Anterior border of greater trochanter
32
What is the insertion of gluteus minimus
Anterior border of greater trochanter
33
What is the insertion of tensor fascia lata
Iliotibial (IT) tract
34
Describe the Trendelenburg test
1) Evaluates strength of contractural gluteus medius
2) Patient stands upright and raises one foot off the ground
3) contralateral gluteus medius should lower contralateral hip and raise ipsilateral hip
4) Needed to clear foot from the ground during swing phase of walking
35
List the 6 deep external rotators
```
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Obturator Internus
Inferior gemellus
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris
```
36
What is the main door for passage of structure from pelvis to thigh
Greater sciatic foramen
37
Describe the functions of the. 6 deep external rotators
1) Piriformis and Obturator internus can externally rotate thigh and abduct flexed thigh
2) Rest externally rotate hip
38
Sciatic notches are separated from each other via what?
Ischial Spine
39
Describe the Acetabular labrum
Fibrocartilage
Deepens acetabular socket
Grips head of femur
40
Describe the transverse acetabular ligament
1) Continuation of acetabular labrum across acetabular notch
| 2) Converts notch into a foramen for the transmission of the artery to the head of the femur
41
Describe the fibrous capsule of joint
1) Encloses head and most of femoral neck
2) Proximal attachment = acetabulum and transverse acetabular ligament
3) Distal attachment = greater trochanter and inter trochanteric line
42
Describe the iliofemoral ligament
1) Strongest and most important ligament of the hip joint
2) Proximal attachment = ASIS
3) Distal attachment = Intertrochanteric line
4) Resists hyperextension of the hip
43
Which ligament is also known as the “Y” ligament of Bigelow
Iliofemoral ligament
44
Describe the pubofemoral ligament
1) Proximal attachment: Pubis near inferior rim of acetabulum
2) Distal attachment: Neck of femur above lesser trochanter
3) Resists hyperextension of the hip
45
Describe the Ischiofemoral ligament
1) Proximal attachment: Ischium near posterior rim of acetabulum
2) Distal attachment: Neck of femur medial to greater trochanter
3) Resists hyperextension of the hip
46
Describe the ligamentum teres
1) Proximal attachment: Fovea of femoral head
2) Distal attachment: Transverse acetabular ligament
3) Supports artery to the head of the femur
47
Describe the Zona orbicularis
A collar-like ligament around the distal neck of the femur
48
Describe the Nerve and Blood supply of the hip joint
Innervation: Femoral and Obturator Nerve
Blood Supply: Superior and inferior gluteal arteries, Medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries, and obturator arteries
49
What are the borders of the Femoral Triangle
1) Medial Border of sartorius
2) Medial border of adductor longus muscle
3) Inguinal ligament (which is from ASIS to pubic tubercle)
50
What are the contents of the femoral Triangle
1) Femoral Nerve
2) femoral Artery
3) Femoral Vein
4) Lymphatics
51
Which content of the femoral triangle isn’t contained in the femoral sheath
Femoral Nerve
52
What muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Adductor longus
53
What is the cutaneous innervation of the femoral triangle
Femoral cutaneous nerves
54
List the Femoral Triangle contents lateral to medial
NAVL
55
Where does the Adductor Canal begin?
1) Begins at apex of femoral triangle
56
List the borders of the adductor canal
1) Lateral Border: Vastus medialis Muscle
2) Posterior: Adductor longus and magnus
3) Anteromedial: Sartorius
57
List the contents of the adductor canal
1) Saphenous nerve
2) Nerve to vastus medialis (Femoral Nerve)
3) Terminal part of obturator nerve
4) Terminal parts of femoral artery and vein
5) Deep lymph vessels
58
What is the termination of the femoral nerve?
Saphenous Nerve
59
List the muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh
1) Iliopsoas
2) Sartorius
3) Pectineus
4) Quadriceps
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus medialis
60
Describe the origin and insertion fo the iliopsoas
Origin: Iliac fossa, and sides of bodies of lumbar vertebra and discs and transverse processes
Insertion: Lesser trochanter
61
Action of iliopsoas
1) Flexes and internally rotates hip
| 2) Psoas major also extends and laterally bends lumbar vertebral column by reverse action
62
Innervation of iliopsoas
1) Iliacus via femoral nerve (L2-3)
| 2) Psoas major directly from L1-3
63
Sartorius origin and insertion
Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia
64
Sartorius Action
1) Flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the hip
| 20 Flexes and internally rotates the knee
65
Sartorius Innervation
Femoral nerve (L2-3)
66
Pectineus Origin and Insertion
Origin: pectineal line of pubis (superior Ramos)
Insertion: Upper half of pectineal line of femur
67
Pectineus Action
Flexes, abducts, and internally rotates the hip
68
Innervation of Pectineus
Femoral Nerve
69
Rectus Femoris Origin and Insertion
Origin: AIIS and posterosuperior aspect of rim of acetabulum
Insertion: Tibial Tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)
70
Rectus Femoris Action
Extends knee and flexes hip
71
Innervation of Rectus femoris
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4)
72
What is the only muscle of the quadriceps complex that flexes the hip
Rectus femoris
73
Vastus Lateralis Origin and Insertion
Origin:
- Intertrochanteric line
- greater trochanter
- gluteal tuberosity,
- upper part of lip of linea aspera and lateral intermuscular septum
Insertion:
-Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)
74
Action of Vastus Lateralis
Extends knee
75
Innervation of Vastus Lateralis
Femoral nerve
76
Vastus Medialis Origin and Insertion
Origin:
- Intertrochanteric Line
- Greater Trochanter
- Medial lip of linea aspera
- Medial Supracondylar Line and Medial intermuscular septum
Insertion:
-Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)
77
Action of Vastus medialis
Extends knee
78
Innervation of Vastus medialis
Femoral nerve (L2-4)
79
Vastus intermedius Origin and insertion
Origin:
- Upper 2/3 of femoral shaft and distal half of intermuscular septum
- Lateral lip of linea aspera when fuels with vastus lateralis
Insertion:
-Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon (ligament)
80
Action of Vastus intermedius
Extends knee
81
Innervation of Vastus intermedius
Femoral nerve
82
Which muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh aid in hip flexion
Rectus femoris
| Sartorius
83
List the muscle of the medial compartment of thigh
```
Gracilis
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Obturator Externus
```
84
What is the blood supply of the medial compartment of thigh
Obturator artery
85
Gracilis Origin and Insertion
Origin: Front of body of pubis and inferior Ramos of pubis
Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of shaft of tibia
86
Action of Gracilis
Adducts hip
flexes Knee
Assists in internal rotation of tibia on femur
87
Innervation of Gracilis
Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2-3)
88
Adductor Longus Origin and Insertion
Origin: Crest and symphysis of pubis
Insertion: Medial lip of linea aspera
89
Action of Adductor Longus
Adducts, Flexes, and externally rotates thigh
90
Innervation of Adductor Longus
Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2-4)
91
Adductor Brevis Origin and Insertion
Origin: Body and inferior Ramos of pubis
Insertion: Pectineal line of femur and upper part of linea aspera
92
Action of Adductor Brevis
Adducts, flexes, and internally rotates hip
93
Innervation of Adductor Brevis
Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2-4)
94
Adductor Magnus Origin and Insertion
Origin: Ischial tuberosity and Ischiopubic Ramus
Insertion:
- Gluteal tuberosity
- medial lip of linea aspera
- Medial supracondylar line
- Adductor tubercle
95
Action of Adductor Magnus
Adducts hip
Upper fibers flex and internally rotate hip
Lower fibers extend and externally rotate hip
96
Innervation of Adductor Magnus
Anterior division of obturator nerve
| Tibial branch of sciatic nerve (L2-4)
97
Obturator Externus Origin and insertion
Origin:
- External surface of pubis
- Ischium along the margin of the obturator foramen
- From the obturator membrane
Insertion:
-Trochanteric fossa
98
Action of Obturator externus
Externally rotates the hip
99
Innervation of Obturator externus
Obturator Nerve (L3-L4)
100
List the innervation, vascular supply and action of posterior compartment of thigh
Innervation: Common Peroneal nerve and Tibial nerve
Vascular Supply: Perforating arteries (from profunda femoris)
Action: Hip extension and Knee flexion
101
What is included in the Posterior compartment of the thigh
1) Hamstrings
- Biceps femoris long and short head
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
2) Adductor Hiatus
102
Origin and insertion of Biceps femoris (Long Head)
Origin: Ischial tuberosity and lower part of sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Lateral side of head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
103
Biceps Femoris Long Head action
1) Flexes the knee and externally rotates the knee
| 2) Long head also extends the hip joint
104
Innervation of Biceps femoris long head
Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1-2)
105
Biceps femoris short head origin and insertion
Origin:
- Lateral lip of linea aspera
- upper part of supracondylar line
- Lateral intermuscular septum
Insertion:
- Lateral side of head of fibula
- Lateral condyle of tibia
106
Action of Biceps femoris short head
Flexes the knee and externally rotates the knee
107
Innervation of Biceps Femoris short head
Common peroneal portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1-2)
108
Semimembranosus Origin and Insertion
Origin:
- Ischial tuberosity
- Adjacent ischial ramus
Insertion: Posteromedial aspect of the medial tibial condyle
109
Action of Semimembranosus
1) Flexes knee and tends to internally rotate it
| 2) Extends hip
110
Innervation of Semimbranosus and Semitendinosus
Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L5, S1-2)
111
Origin and insertion of Semitendinosus
Origin: In common with long head of biceps longus from ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Upper part of medial surface of tibia
112
Action of Semitendinosus
1) Flexes knee and tends to internally rotate it
| 2) Extends hip
113
Which muscle is presumably necessary to “unlock” the knee from its extended position?
Popliteus
114
List the contents of the popliteal fossa (in order from deep to more superficial)
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
115
Name the nerve supply to each compartment of the thigh
1) Anterior Thigh - Femoral Nerve
2) Medial Compartment
- Obturator Nerve
- Tibial Nerve: Hamstring portion of adductor Magnus
3) Posterior Compartment - Common perineal nerve (biceps femoris Brevis) and Tibial Nerve
116
Name the blood supply to each compartment of the thigh
1) Anterior - Femoral Artery
2) Medial - Obturator Artery - branch of internal iliac artery
3) Posterior - Perforating arteries (from profunda femoris)
117
Name the basic functions of each compartment of the thigh.
1) Anterior
- Hip flexion: Rectus femoris and Sartorius
- Knee Extension
2) Medial
- Adduction
3) Posterior
- Hip extension
- Knee flexion
118
Name the nerve supply to each compartment of the leg.
1) Superficial Posterior
- Tibial Nerve and Sural cutaneous nerves (Lateral and Medial)
2) Deep Posterior
- Tibialis Nerve
3) Anterior Compartment
- Deep perineal (fibular) nerve
4) Lateral Compartment
- Superficial perineal (fibular) nerve
119
Name the muscles in each of the compartments of the leg. What are their functions
1) Superficial Posterior
- Gastrocnemius: crosses both knee and ankle joint; two heads form inferior boundaries of popliteal fossa
- Plantaris: May be absent and tendon maybe used for hand surgery
- Soleus: Broad multipennate muscle; unjoint muscle
- Triceps surae: Soleus + two heads of gastrocnemius
2) Deep Posterior
- Popliteus: Flexes and rotates knee and lies in floor of popliteal fossa
- Flexor Digitorum Longus: Plantarflexs foot at ankle joint
- Flexor Hallucis Longus: Push-off muscle for walking, jumping, and running
- Tibialis Posterior: Plantar flexion and foot inversion; Helps to maintain medial longitudinal arch
3) Anterior- Toe extension and ankle Dorisflexion
- Tibialis anterior: Foot Dorisflexion and inversion; Paralysis results in foot drop
- Extensor digitorum longus: Toe extension at MTP and also Dorisflexion
- peroneus (fibularis) tertius: Foot Dorisflexion and eversion; sometimes missing; part of extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor hallucis longus
4) Lateral
- Peroneus (fibularis) longus: Easily Palpated; Helps to maintain transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot
- Peroneus (fibularis) Brevis: Inserts on lateral tuberosity; Plantar flexion and foot eversion
120
Name the blood supply to each compartment of the leg.
1) Superficial Posterior
- Posterior tibial artery
- Peroneal (fibular) artery - terminal branch of posterior tibial artery
2) Deep Posterior
—Posterior tibial artery
3) Anterior
- Anterior tibial artery
4) Lateral - no major arteries in lateral compartment
- Branch of posterior tibial
121
The lateral sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of which nerve?
Common Peroneal Nerve
122
Which ligament is the primary support for the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Calcanonavicular Ligament (Spring Ligament)
123
Name the individual bones that constitute each of the three subdivisions of the foot
1) Hindfoot
- Talus
- Calcaneus
2) Midfoot
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiforms
3) Forefoot
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
124
Name the four components of the medial collateral ligament (Deltoid) of the ankle
- Tibionavicular
- Tibiocalcaneal
- Anterior Tibiotalar
- Posterior Tibiotalar
125
Which bones form the mortise and tenon joint of the ankle, and which is which?
1) Mortise
- Fibular Malleolus
- Tibial Malleolus
- Distal end of tibia
2) Tenon
- Head of talus
126
Which nerves Innervates the intrinsic muscles on the dorsum of the foot?
1) Deep Peroneal nerve
- Lateral branch is motor intrinsic muscles on dorsum:
- Extensor hallucis Brevis and Extensor digitorum Brevis
-Medial branch is cutaneous
127
Describe the cutaneous innervation of the dorsum of the foot
1) Superficial Peroneal Nerve
- Give rise to medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves
- Cutaneous
2) Deep Peroneal Nerve
- Medial branch is cutaneous
3) Sural Nerve
- Gives off lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
128
The adductor hallucis is found in the third layer of muscles on the sole of the foot. It is made up of both an oblique head and a transverse head. What is the common insertion of this muscle?
Base of proximal phalanx of the great toe with the flexor hallucis brevis
129
The crural fascia forms retinacula in the foot. The superior retinaculum binds down tendons of muscles located in which compartment?
1) Anterior Compartment
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Peroneus Tertius
130
Which muscle attaches to both the medial aspect of the femur (linea aspera) and the adductor tubercle, creating the adductor hiatus?
Adductor Magnus
131
During knee extension, the patella is pulled proximal by the quadriceps and also laterally. Which muscle is required to counteract the lateral pull on the patella?
Patella is pulled proximally by quadriceps
- Vastus Lateralis tends to pull patella laterally
- Vastus Medialis Oblique counteracts vastus lateralis
132
The popliteal fossa is formed by the borders of four muscles. Which pair of muscles forms the inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Gastrocnemius
133
The tendon of which muscle passes between two seasmoid bones located at the base of the first metarsus?
Flexor Hallucis Longus: Passes between seamoid bones in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis
134
List the muscles that make up each layer of the four layers of the sole of the foot.
1) First Muscle Layer
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Abductor digiti minimi
2) Second Muscle Layer
- Quadratus plantae
- Lumbricals
3) Third Muscle Layer
- Flexor hallucis longus tendon
- Adductor hallucis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis
4) Fourth Muscle Layer
- Peroneus Longus Tendon
- Tibialis Posterior Tendon
- Interossei
- Three plantar (adductors)
- Four Dorsal (abductors)
135
Dorsal interossei and Plantar interossei are innervated by what?
Lateral Plantar Nerve
136
Dorsal Interossei action
1) Abducts digits 2-4
| 2) Flex metatarsal phalangeal joints
137
Plantar interossei Action
1) Adducts digits 3-5 at the MP joints toward the axis of the second toe
2) Flexes the MP joints and extends the PIP and DIP joints of digits 3-5
138
What is the most common long bone to be fractured?
Tibia
139
Describe the tibia
1) Most common long bone to be fractured
2) Relatively poor blood supply
3) Anteromedial surface is “bare”
4) Soleal (oblique) line on posterior surface
140
Fibula
1) Lateral Malleolus important in ankle stability
| 2) Sire for muscle attachment
141
Crural Fascia is continuous with what?
Fascia Latae and periosteum
142
Describe the Crural Fascia
1) Continuous with fascia latae via anterior and medial borders of tibia
2) Fascia forms retinacula in foot
143
What are the cutaneous nerves of the Superficial Posterior Compartment
1) Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve - From common Peroneal (fibular) nerve
2) Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerve - From tibial nerve
***Sural nerve runs with lesser saphenous vein
144
What type of joint is the Superior tibiofibular joint
Synovial plane joint with a capsule
145
What type of join is the Inferior tibiofibular joint?
Syndesmosis
146
What ligaments compose the Inferior tibiofibular joint?
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Anterior Tibiofibular ligament
Crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament
147
Movements of the talotibial (talocrural) joint
1) Dorsiflexion = increased toe out
2) Plantarflexion = decreased toe out
* ** Mostly occur in Sagittal plane
148
What is the axis of the talotibial joint
Normal Tibial Torsion:Toe out stance
Pathological: External/internal tibial torsion
149
What is the weakest ankle ligament?
Lateral collateral
150
What are the components of the lateral collateral
1) Anterior and Posterior Talofibular
| 2) Calcaneofibular
151
What type of joint is the Talotibial joint
Synovial Hinge
152
What is the most congruent joint in the body
Talotibial Joint
153
Name the two types of Plantar Arches
1) Medial
| 2) Lateral
154
Function of the Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament
Primary Support for medial longitudinal arch
155
Function of the Long plantar ligament
Primary support for lateral longitudinal arch
156
Muscles of the Dorsum of Foot
1) Extensor Digitorum Brevis
2) Extensor Hallucis Brevis
3) Dorsal Interossei
157
Blood Supply of the Dorsum
1) Anterior Tibial Artery via dorsalis pedis artery
2) Arcuate Artery: Gives off dorsal metatarsals to dorsal digits
3) Deep Plantar Artery
158
Nerve Supply to Dorsum
1) Superficial Peroneal Nerve - cutaneous
2) Deep Peroneal Nerve - lateral branch is motor
3) Sural Nerve - Gives off lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
159
Muscles of the Sole of Foot
1) First Muscle Layer
- Abductor Hallucis
- Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- Abductor Digiti Minimi
2) Second Muscle Layer
- Quadratus Plantae
- Lumbricals
3) Thrid Muscle Layer
- Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon
- Adductor Hallucis
- Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
4) Fourth Muscle Layer
- Peroneus Longus Tendon
- Tibialis Posterior Tendon
- Interossei: 3 Plantar Adductors and Four Dorsal Abductors
160
Which Sole muscle passes between sesamoid bones in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis?
Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon
161
Floor of Suboccipital Triangle
Posterior Atlanta-occipital membrane
162
Roof of Suboccipital Triangle
Semi spinal is Capitis Muscle
163
What are the contents of the Suuboccipital Triangle
1) Suboccipital Nerve
2) Greater Occipital Nerve
3) Third Occipital Nerve
4) Vertebral Artery
164
What nerve allows sensation of the back of skull
Greater Occipital Nerve
165
What is the motor nerve to muscles of Suboccipital triangle
Suboccipital Nerve
166
Which Nerve associated with the Suboccipital triangle has no sensory and no dorsal root?
Suboccipital Nerve
167
Atlas is C1 or C2
C1
168
Axis is C1 or C2
C2
169
Platysma Origin and Insertion
Origin: SubQ of Infraclavicular and Supraclavicular Regions
Insertions: Base of mandible, skin of cheek, lower lip, angle of mouth, orbicularis or is
170
Action of Platysma
1) Depresses Mandible
| 2) Tenses skin of inferior face and neck
171
Occipitofrontalis origin and insertion
Origin: Anteriorly from epcranial aponeurosis and Posteriorly from superior nuchal line
insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis posteriorly, and skin and subQ of eyebrows and forehead anteriorly
172
Action of Occipitofrontalis
1) Elevates eyebrows
| 2) Protracts Scalp
173
Orbicularis Oculi: Origin, insertion, Action
Origin: Orbital Margin; Palpebral Ligament; Lacrimal Bone
Insertion: Skin around margin of orbit; tarsal plates
Action: Closes eyelids
174
Procerus: Origin, Insertion, Action
Origin: Facial aponeurosis; Lateral Nasal Cartilages
Insertion: Skin between eyebrows
Action: Depresses medial sides of eyebrows and wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose
175
Nasalis
Origin: Frontal Process of maxillae
Insertion: Alar Cartilage
Action: Depresses alae laterally and dilates anterior nasal aperture
176
Orbicularis Oris
Origin: Medial Maxilla and mandible; Deep surface of skin around mouth
Insertion: Mucosa of lips
Action: Closes oral fissure; compresses and protrudes lips
177
Legatos Labii Superioris
Origin: Infraorbital margin
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth
178
Zygomatic Minor
Origin: Anterior part of zygomatic bone
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth
179
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: Lateral part of zzygomatic bone
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Elevates labial commissaries (corner of mouth)
180
Risorius
Origin: Parotid fascia and buccaneers skin
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)
181
Depressor annuli oris
Origin: Anterolateral base of mandible
insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)
182
Depressor labii inferioris
Origin: Platysma and anterolateral body of mandible
Insertion: Skin of lower lip
Action: Mouth dilator; depresses and everts lower lip
183
The facial artery is a branch of what?
External carotid artery
184
Branches of the Facial Artery
Superior and inferior labial arteries
Lateral Nasal Artery
Angular Artery
185
What is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery
Superficial temporal
186
Superficial Temporal divides into what two branches
Frontal and Parietal branches
187
Which artery forms an anastomoses with the facial artery
Transverse Facial
188
Branches of the Transverse Facial supply what structures?
Parotid Gland
Masseter Muscle
Skin of face
189
Sensory innervation of the face is via what nerve?
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
190
Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve
1) Opthalamic
2) Maxillary
3) Mandibular
191
What is the primary motor nerve to muscles of facial expression?
Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)
192
Which nerve supplies muscles derived from second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch)
Facial Nerve ( CN 7)
193
What are the Branches of Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccaneers
Mandibular
Cervical
```
194
Cranial Nerve 7 is associated with what Foramen?
Stylomastoid Foramen
195
Platysma Origin and Insertion
Origin: SubQ of Infraclavicular and Supraclavicular Regions
Insertions: Base of mandible, skin of cheek, lower lip, angle of mouth, orbicularis or is
196
Action of Platysma
1) Depresses Mandible
| 2) Tenses skin of inferior face and neck
197
Occipitofrontalis origin and insertion
Origin: Anteriorly from epcranial aponeurosis and Posteriorly from superior nuchal line
insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis posteriorly, and skin and subQ of eyebrows and forehead anteriorly
198
Action of Occipitofrontalis
1) Elevates eyebrows
| 2) Protracts Scalp
199
Orbicularis Oculi: Origin, insertion, Action
Origin: Orbital Margin; Palpebral Ligament; Lacrimal Bone
Insertion: Skin around margin of orbit; tarsal plates
Action: Closes eyelids
200
Procerus: Origin, Insertion, Action
Origin: Facial aponeurosis; Lateral Nasal Cartilages
Insertion: Skin between eyebrows
Action: Depresses medial sides of eyebrows and wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose
201
Nasalis
Origin: Frontal Process of maxillae
Insertion: Alar Cartilage
Action: Depresses alae laterally and dilates anterior nasal aperture
202
Orbicularis Oris
Origin: Medial Maxilla and mandible; Deep surface of skin around mouth
Insertion: Mucosa of lips
Action: Closes oral fissure; compresses and protrudes lips
203
Legatos Labii Superioris
Origin: Infraorbital margin
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth
204
Zygomatic Minor
Origin: Anterior part of zygomatic bone
insertion: Skin of upper lip
Action: Part of dilators of mouth
205
Zygomaticus Major
Origin: Lateral part of zzygomatic bone
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Elevates labial commissaries (corner of mouth)
206
Risorius
Origin: Parotid fascia and buccaneers skin
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)
207
Depressor annuli oris
Origin: Anterolateral base of mandible
insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Depresses labial commissures (corner of mouth)
208
Depressor labii inferioris
Origin: Platysma and anterolateral body of mandible
Insertion: Skin of lower lip
Action: Mouth dilator; depresses and everts lower lip
209
The facial artery is a branch of what?
External carotid artery
210
Branches of the Facial Artery
Superior and inferior labial arteries
Lateral Nasal Artery
Angular Artery
211
What is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery
Superficial temporal
212
Superficial Temporal divides into what two branches
Frontal and Parietal branches
213
Which artery forms an anastomoses with the facial artery
Transverse Facial
214
Branches of the Transverse Facial supply what structures?
Parotid Gland
Masseter Muscle
Skin of face
215
Sensory innervation of the face is via what nerve?
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
216
Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve
1) Opthalamic
2) Maxillary
3) Mandibular
217
What is the primary motor nerve to muscles of facial expression?
Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)
218
Which nerve supplies muscles derived from second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch)
Facial Nerve ( CN 7)
219
What are the Branches of Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccaneers
Mandibular
Cervical
```
220
Cranial Nerve 7 is associated with what Foramen?
Stylomastoid Foramen
221
What structures pass through the Superior and Inferior Peroneal Retinacula?
1) Tendons of Peroneus Longus
| 2) Tendons of Peroneus Brevis
222
Which reticulum is Y shaped with the stem of the Y on the lateral side of ankle
Extensor Retinaculum
223
What is the basic racial bone that is entirely preformed in cartilage?
Ethmoid
224
Which facial muscle functions to cells the eyes?
Orbicularis Oculi
225
Name the branches of the facial artery
Superior and Inferior labial arteries
Lateral Nasal Artery
Angular Artery
226
Which Fontanelle located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures?
Posterior
227
The Supraorbital foramina (notches) are associated with which facial bone?
Frontal
228
Which cranial nerve provides motor Innervation to muscles of facial expression
Cranial nerve 7
229
Describe the location and attachments of the cruciform ligament
Alar Ligaments
230
What nerve provides sensory innervation to the very back of the head?
Greater occipital Nerve
231
The foramina rotundum and ovale are found in which regions of the skull
Greater wings of the sphenoid bone
232
The tectorial membrane is a superior extension of which ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
233
The posterior atlantoocciptal membrane is a superior extension of which ligament
Ligamentum flavum
234
Anterior Cranial Fossae contains
Frontal lobes of cerebrum
235
Middle Cranial Fossae Contains
Temporal Lobes of cerebrum
236
Posterior Cranial Fossae contains
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
237
Frontal bone is ____ in the fetus and ____ in an adult
1) Paired
| 2) Fused
238
Alveolar Process and Infraorbital Foamina is associated with which bones of the skull?
Maxillary
239
The greater wing and lesser wing are associated with what structure of the anterior skull?
Sphenoid Bone
240
True or False: The metopic suture usually become obliterated after birth
True
241
List the four sutures
Sagittal
Lambdoidal
Coronal
Frontal
242
List the four Fontanelles
Anterior
Posterior
Posterolateral
Anterolateral
243
Which fontanelle occurs between the sagittal and coronal suture?
Anterior
244
What type of bone makes up the base of the skull underlying the brain stem?
Endochondral
245
Bones forming the sides and roof of the skull are what type of bones?
Dermal Bone- they make up the bones of the face
246
What makes up the chondrocranium?
1) Neurocranium: Cartilage and/or endochondral bone
| 2) Splanchnocranium (Viscerocranium): Cartilage and/or endochondral bone
247
What makes up the dermatocranium?
Dermal Bone
248
What are the Five bones of the Basicranium and what do they all contain?
1) Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Left and right temporals, Occipital bone
2) Foraminae
249
The Middle Cranial Fossae is formed by what?
Body and Greater Wings of sphenoid
250
Where is the Anterior Cranial Fossae located?
Superior to orbits
251
Describe each of the four suboccipital muscles, including their attachments and functions.
a. Obliqus capitis superior
i. Weak extensor of neck
b. Obliqus capitis inferior
i. Strong rotator of atlas
c. Rectus capitis posterior major
i. Extension of vertebral column
d. Rectus capitis posterior minor
i. Extension of vertebral column
252
Paranasal Sinuses
Maxillary sinuses (the biggest)
Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid sinus
253
Flexor Retinaculum is associated with the tendons of what muscles?
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
254
What does the Flexor retinaculum cover?
Tibial nerve
| Posterior Tibial Artery
255
What does the Superior/Inferior extensor retinacula cover?
```
Deep Peroneal (fibular) nerve
Anterior tibial artery
```
256
What are the movements of the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint?
```
Inversion:
-Adduction
-Supination
-Plantarflexion
Eversion:
-Abduction
-Pronation
-Dorsiflexion
```
257
Movements of the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint
Inversion (close packed)
| Eversion
258
Movements of the Calcaneocubiod joint
Triplanar
259
What is Pes Cavus
Pes cavus is a multiplanar foot deformity characterised by an abnormally high medial longitudinal arch.
260
What is Pes Planus
Pes planus is a condition in which the longitudinal arch in the foot, which runs lengthwise along the sole of the foot, has not developed normally and is lowered or flattened out.
261
Why is the foot stable in Dorsiflexion but not in Plantarflexion?
The most stable position of the ankle is in dorsiflexion. As the ankle moves into plantarflexion, the talus glides anteriorly and the ankle becomes less stable, which is why most ankle sprains involve some degree of plantarflexion as the mechanism.
262
True or False: The Atlas has a Vetebral Body
False
