Exam 2

Question 1

Alleles

Answer 1

Pair of genes that control certain characteristics

Blood type, color blindness,etc

Question 2

Autosomes

Answer 2

All chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

Question 3

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 3

Chromosomes that determine an organisms sex

X and Y chromosomes

Question 4

Homozygous

Answer 4

Identical allele pair

Question 5

Heterozygous

Answer 5

Two different alleles

Question 6

Dominant allele

Answer 6

Allele that’s characteristic will always be present

Only need one to be present

Question 7

Recessive allele

Answer 7

Must have two of the same recessive allele for its characteristic to be present/show effect

Question 8

Gametes

Answer 8

A male or female reproductive cell containing half the genetic material of an organism

2 meet (sperm and ovum) creates a zygote

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

A sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome

Question 10

Test cross

Answer 10

A cross you can use to investigate an unknown genotype

Question 11

Mono hybrid cross

Answer 11

A cross with parents differing in one trait

Question 12

Complete dominance

Answer 12

The trait of the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele

Question 13

Incomplete dominance

Answer 13

The dominant trait does not fully mask the trait of the other allele creating a combination of the two

Question 14

Codominance

Answer 14

Two dominant alleles, both characteristics are expressed equally
ex. blood type AB

Question 15

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 15

Controlled by two or more genes that are in large quantity but small in effect, many possible outcomes

Height, skin color, eye color, etc

Question 16

Pleiotropy

Answer 16

A single gene having an effect on multiple different traits/phenotypes

Question 17

Carrier

Answer 17

An organism that has heterozygous alleles

Carries an allele but does not express it

Question 18

X-linked

Answer 18

A trait located on the X chromosome

Usually males that are affected because they have a single X

Question 19

Four DNA Bases

Answer 19

Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

Question 20

Bases that pair

Answer 20

A — T

G — C

Question 21

Semiconservative replication

Answer 21

This refers to the fact that when DNA is replicated, 50% of it is from the original strand

Question 22

Helicase

Answer 22

Enzyme that unwinds double helix during replication

Question 23

DNA Polymerases

Answer 23

Enzymes that add new nucleotides to the polynucleotide chain

Question 24

Histones

Answer 24

A protein that you coil DNA around to form a chromosome

Question 25

Transcription

Answer 25

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template | Occurs in the nucleus

Question 26

Translation

Answer 26

Synthesis of a protein from a mRNA template | Occurs outside the nucleus, in the cytoplasm

Question 27

Role of tRNA

Answer 27

Decodes/translates mRNA

Question 28

Anticodon

Answer 28

The complimentary pair to a codon on the tRNA

Question 29

Codon

Answer 29

A triplet of nucleotide bases in mRNA | TAC CAT TGC etc

Question 30

What needs to happen to a sequence of amino acids before it is functional

Answer 30

It needs to fold

Question 31

Denaturization

Answer 31

The unfolding of a protein strand

Question 32

What factors can alter a proteins shape?

Answer 32

Change in sequence, pH, temperature

Question 33

Why is protein shape important?

Answer 33

Shape determines function | Change in shape could mean new function or non-functioning

Question 34

Species

Answer 34

A group of population who’s members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 35

Speciation

Answer 35

Forming new species/dividing a species to form multiple

Question 36

Key to speciation

Answer 36

Reproduction isolation, barrier to interbreeding

Question 37

Allopathic Speciation

Answer 37

Speciation due to physical of geographic barrier

Question 38

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 38

Speciation that happens with no physical or geographic barrier

Question 39

3 modes of natural selection

Answer 39

Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive

Question 40

Directional selection

Answer 40

One extreme phenotype is selected against

Question 41

Stabilizing selection

Answer 41

Both phenotype extremes selected against Sympatric selection

Question 42

Disruptive selection

Answer 42

Intermediate phenotypes selected against

Question 43

Requirements to have Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 43

``` Low mutation rate No natural selection Large population size Random mating No immigration/emigration ```

Question 44

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 44

There is no evolution

Question 45

Reasons why Hardy-Weinberg is rare in nature

Answer 45

Genetic drift - bottle neck effect/founder effect Gene flow (immigration/emigration) Natural selection

Question 46

Microevolution

Answer 46

Evolution of populations

Question 47

Raw material for evolution

Answer 47

Individual variation

Question 48

Gene

Answer 48

Section of DNA that codes for a trait

Question 49

Allele

Answer 49

One of 2 (or more) alternative versions of a gene

Question 50

Population

Answer 50

A group of individuals of the same species at a time and place

Question 51

Gene pool

Answer 51

All genes (and their alleles) in a population

Question 52

Allele frequency

Answer 52

How common a gene is in the gene pool (0-1.0)

Question 53

Hutton and Lyell

Answer 53

Geological change is slow and gradual Uniformitarianism and gradualism The earth is older than you think

Question 54

Malthus

Answer 54

Human suffering results from overpopulation | Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support

Question 55

Covier

Answer 55

Interpret the fossil record, older layers have fossils that look very different from modern organisms

Question 56

Lamark

Answer 56

Evolutionary idea but incorrect mechanism “Use and disuse” Inherited acquired characteristics

Question 57

Linnaeus

Answer 57

Creator’s purpose for each species | Classification system still used today

Question 58

Darwin’s Argument

Answer 58

``` Observation 1. Individuals are different from each other 2. Over production of young Inference 1. Better adapted —> produces more young 2. Accumulation of adaptive traits ```

Question 59

Evidence for evolution

Answer 59

Homologous structure Molecular evidence - DNA sequencing Fossil record - “missing links” Direct observation/experiment

Question 60

Homologous structures

Answer 60

Structures that have the same underlying architecture but different functions - forearm of a cat vs forearm of a human

Question 61

DNA vs RNA

Answer 61

RNA uses ribose as sugar instead of deoxyribose Thymine is replaced by uracil RNA is single stranded