Exam 2 Flashcards by Rebecca James

T or F All of the fluid that filters out of the arterial end of a capillary is normally absorbed on the venous end of the capillary

False

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T or F Diffusion in the only important method of gas, nutrient and waste exchange across most capillaries.

True

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T or F The volume of the interstitial fluid is more than three times that of the plasma.

False

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Compared to when you are standing up, when you are laying down

a. You have higher parasympathetic activity
b. You have higher sympathetic activity

A - you have higher parasympathetic activity

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Pressure is lower in
a. The abdominal cavity
b. The thoracic cavity

b - thoracic cavity

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Standing leads to more

a. Absorption into the capillaries in the feet
b. Filtration out of capillaries in the feet

B - filtration out of capillaries in the feet

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The clotting cascade normally starts with

a. The extrinsic pathway
b. The intrinsic pathway

A - the extrinsic pathway

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The systolic pressure in the arteries occurs during
a. Diastole
b. Systole

B - systole

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The total pulmonary peripheral resistance to blood flow is
a. Greater than the total systemic peripheral resistance
b. Less than the total systemic peripheral resistance

b - less than the total systematic peripheral resistance

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Water moves toward

a. Higher osmotic pressures
b. Lower osmotic pressures

A - higher osmotic pressures

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Assuming no change in venous return, an increase in contractility would, after a few beats, result in

a. A decrease in end-diastolic ventricular volume
b. An increase in end-diastolic ventricular volume
c. No change in end-diastolic ventricular volume

A - a decrease in end-diastolic ventricular volume

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Because of the blood-brain-barrier, the brain can regulate the passage of __________________ from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid.

a. Both lipid- and water-soluble substances
b. Lipid-soluble substances
c. Water-soluble substances

C - water-soluble substances

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Increased venous return would

a. Decrease cardiac output
b. Increase cardiac output
c. Not affect cardiac output

b - increase cardiac output

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The baroreceptor reflex is important for

a. Short-term control of blood pressure
b. Long-term control of blood pressure
c. Both short- and long-term control of blood pressure

a - short term control

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The liver makes most of the proteins in the blood. In some liver diseases, the liver production of protein decreases. In this case you would expect,

a. More filtration out of capillaries
b. More absorption into capillaries
c. No change in the filtration out of or absorption into capillaries

A - more filtration out of capillaries

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The afferent pathway of the arterial baroreceptor pathway includes
a. Both hormones and nerves	
b. Hormones
c. Neither hormones nor nerves
d. Nerves

D - nerves

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Venoconstriction mainly

a. Decreases venous compliance
b. Decreases venous resistance
c. Increases venous compliance
d. Increases venous resistance

A - decreases venous compliance

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What is the most direct effect of hypovolemia (decrease in blood volume)?

a. Decreased mean arterial pressure
b. Decreased total peripheral resistance
c. Decreased venous pressure
d. Increased total peripheral resistance

C. Decreased venous pressure

Which channel in nodal cells brings the cell to threshold (just before the action potential)?

a. The F-type cation channel
b. The inward-rectifying potassium channel
c. The L-type calcium channel
d. The T-type calcium channel

D - The T-type calcium channel

During exercise, cardiac output can increase up to

a. 4-7 fold
b. 12-15 fold
c. 20-23 fold
d. 28-31 fold
e. 36-39 fold

A - 4-7 fold

Which of the following refers to ventricular contraction?

a. Diastole
b. P wave
c. QRS complex
d. Systole
e. T wave

D - systole

Mean arterial pressure equals

a. Cardiac output – total peripheral resistance
b. Cardiac output / total peripheral resistance
c. Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
d. Total peripheral resistance – cardiac output
e. Total peripheral resistance / cardiac output
f. Total peripheral resistance + cardiac output

CHECK Given the following, what is the net filtration pressure?
				Pc = 25 mmHg
PIF = normal
πc = 28 mmHg
πIF = 3 mmHg

a. -56 mmHg
b. -50 mmHg
c. -6 mmHg
d. 0 mmHg
e. 6 mmHg
f. 50 mmHg
56 mmHg

Baroreceptor afferents first synapse in the

a. Arcuate nucleus
b. Caudal ventrolateral nucleus
c. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus d. Lateral geniculate nucleus
e. Medial geniculate nucleus
f. Nucleus of the solitary tract
g. Paraventricular nucleus
h. Rostral ventrolateral nucleus
i. Supraoptic nucleus

F - nucleus of the solitary tract

Protein C binds directly to a. Anti-thrombin III b. Plasmin c. Thrombin d. Thrombomodulin e. Thromboplastin f. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

C - thrombin

The main cardiovascular variable that the body tries to maintain for homeostasis is a. Blood viscosity b. Cardiac output c. Diastolic pressure d. Heart rate e. Mean arterial pressure f. Pulse pressure g. Stroke volume h. Systolic pressure i. Total peripheral resistance

E - MAP

27. Carotid sinus baroreceptor afferents travel through which nerve? a. Abducens nerve b. Accessory nerve c. Facial nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve e. Hypoglossal nerve f. Oculomotor nerve g. Trigeminal nerve h. Trochlear nerve i. Vagus nerve j. Vestibulocochlear nerve

D - glossopharyngeal

``` The tightest (least permeable) capillaries are in a. The brain b. The heart c. The intestines d. The joints e. The kidneys f. The liver g. The lungs h. The nose i. The pancreas The spleen ```

A - the brain

What organ releases the most erythropoietin in a healthy individual? a. The bone marrow b. The heart c. The kidney d. The large intestine e. The liver f. The pancreas g. The skeletal muscles h. The skin i. The small intestine j. The spleen

C - the kidney

What paracrine factor is released by activated platelets that can activate other platelets? a. Endothelin-1 b. Interleukin 1 c. Interleukin 2 d. Interleukin 4 e. Nitric oxide f. Prostacyclin g. Thrombin h. Thromboxane A2 i. Thromboxane B2 j. Von Willebrand factor

h - Thromboxane A2

Which of the following proteins cause fibrinolysis? a. Fibrin b. Fibrinogen c. Plasmin d. Protein C e. Prothrombin f. Thrombin g. Thrombomodulin h. Thromboplastin i. Tissue Factor j. Von Willebrand factor

C - plasmin

``` Which of the following proteins is a cofactor for clotting factor X? a. Factor I b. Factor II c. Factor III d. Factor V e. Factor VII f. Factor VIII g. Factor IX h. Factor X i. Factor XI j. Factor XII ```

D - Factor V

Which of the following proteins is involved in the formation of the platelet plug? (select all that apply) a. Fibrin b. Fibrinogen c. Plasmin d. Protein C e. Prothrombin f. Thrombin g. Thrombomodulin h. Thromboplastin i. Tissue Factor j. Von Willebrand factor

B - fibriongen

Which of the following receptors is on veins? a. α1 adrenergic receptors b. α2 adrenergic receptors c. β1 adrenergic receptors d. β2 adrenergic receptors e. β3 adrenergic receptors f. M1 muscarinic receptors g. M2 muscarinic receptors h. M3 muscarinic receptors i. M4 muscarinic receptors j. M5 muscarinic receptors

A - alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

Which vitamin is specifically needed for the synthesis of clotting factors? a. Niacin b. Riboflavin c. Thiamine d. Vitamin A e. Vitamin B12 f. Vitamin B6 g. Vitamin C h. Vitamin D i. Vitamin E j. Vitamin K

J - Vitamin K

Why does blood flow to the skin increase during exercise a. Active hyperemia b. Decreased endothelin-1 release c. Decreased parasympathetic activity to the skin vasculature d. Decreased sympathetic activity to the skin vasculature e. Flow autoregulation f. Increased nitric oxide release g. Increased parasympathetic activity to the skin vasculature h. Increased prostacyclin release i. Increased sympathetic activity to the skin vasculature j. Reactive hyperemia

D - decreased sympathetic activity to the skin vasculature

Resistance to blood flow is determined by (select all that apply) a. Blood flow b. Differences in pressure between two points in the cardiovascular tree c. The friction the blood experiences d. The length of the blood vessel

c&d : friction of blood and length of vessel

The efferent pathway of the baroreceptor reflex includes (select all that apply) a. Angiotensin II b. Parasympathetic nerves c. Sympathetic nerves d. Vasopressin e. None of the above

acd

Shear stress in arteries decrease the production of (select all that apply) a. Angiotensin II b. Endothelin-1 c. Epinephrine d. Nitric oxide e. Prostacyclin f. Thromboxane A2 g. Vasopressin

b - endothelin-1

Which organs see a decrease in blood flow during strenuous aerobic exercise? (select all that apply) a. The abdominal organs b. The brain c. The heart d. The kidneys e. The skeletal muscles f. The skin g. None of the above organs have a decrease in blood flow during strenuous aerobic exercise

a, d - the abdominal organs and the kidneys

``` Which clotting factors are inactivated by protein C? (select all that apply) a. Factor I b. Factor II c. Factor III d. Factor V e. Factor VII f. Factor VIII g. Factor IX h. Factor X i. Factor XI Factor XII ```

Df - factor V and Factor VIII

Given the following, what is the ejection fraction in percent (not decimal, number only)? End-Diastolic Volume = 250ml End-Systolic Volume = 100ml

What three variables determine arterial pulse pressure?

speed of ejection, arterial compliance, and stroke volume

Which receptor is in the heart for the sympathetic nervous system?

The beta 1 receptor