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Geology 100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an igneous rock ?

A

A rock that forms when hot, molten rock freezes or solidifies.

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2
Q

What are the 2 different categories of igneous rock ?

A

1 Chemical composition

2 Environment of emplacement

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3
Q

Is lava above or below the earths crust ?

A

Above

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4
Q

Is magma above or below earths crust ?

A

Below

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5
Q

Why is it hot inside earths core ?

A
  • Heat from accretion
  • compression
  • radioactive decay
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6
Q

T/F: Earth will eventually solidify.

A

True

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7
Q

What causes Melt/Magma to form ?

A
  • pressure release
  • volatile addition
  • Heat Transfer
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8
Q

Why does Magma rise through the crust ?

A
  • Magma is more buoyant and less dense than the surrounding rock.
  • The weight of surrounding rock creates pressure that squeezes the magma upward.
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9
Q

T/F: Felsic Magma is low in Silica content ?

A

False; Felsic magma has a very high percentage of silica w/ a very low density and temperature.

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10
Q

T/F: Mafic Magma is High in Silica content ?

A

False; Mafic magma has a very low silica percentage w/ high density and high temperature.

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11
Q

What is Magma evolution ?

A

A change in the composition of a Magma body.

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12
Q

What is differentiation ?

A

When minerals settle out at different temperatures.

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13
Q

What is the Bowen’s reaction ?

A

A series in which different minerals crystallize out of melt.

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14
Q

What is fractal crystallization ?

A

This allows for different rock compositions like Felsic or Mafic to form.

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15
Q

What is an plutonic/intrusive igneous environment ?

A

Cool at depth and loses heat slowly. Large crystals have time to grow.

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16
Q

What is a volcanic/extrusive environment ?

A

Cool at or near the surface. Cools rapidly w/ small crystals.

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17
Q

What is texture as to rock ?

A

The size, shape and arrangement of minerals.

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18
Q

What is an Aphaneritic mineral ?

A

A rock w/ fine grained crystal sizes.

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19
Q

What is a phaneritic mineral ?

A

A rock w/ coarse grained crystals.

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20
Q

What is a Dike ?

A

A Tabular intrusion that cuts across a preexisting layering. (Visible)

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21
Q

What is a Sill ?

A

A tabular intrusion that is injected parallel to layering. (Non visible)

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22
Q

What is a pluton ?

A

Large blond of magma that cool deep underground.

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23
Q

What is a Batholith ?

A

A large amount of magma.

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24
Q

What is a Laccolith ?

A

A small amount of magma.

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25
What is a volcano ?
An erupting vent through which molten rock surfaces.
26
What is a product of volcanic eruption ?
- lava flow - pyroclastic debris - volcanic gasses
27
What is dependent on the rate of flow when a volcano erupts ?
Viscosity
28
What is a pillow basalt ?
A round blob of basaltic rock that cools in water.
29
What is a basaltic eruption ?
A release of gasses that eject clots or drops of molten magma.
30
What is volcanic gas ?
Magma exposition that controls it’s gas content.
31
What is an active volcanoes character ?
A volcano that is erupting, recently erupted or likely to erupt.
32
What is a Dormant volcanoes character ?
A volcano that hasn’t erupted in hundreds or thousands of years.
33
What is an extinct volcanoes character ?
The volcanoes is no longer active and will not erupt.
34
What are the 3 types of volcanoes ?
- Shield Volcanoes - Cinder/Scoria Cone Volcanoes - Strato/Super Volcanoes
35
Yellowstone national park is an example of what type of volcanoes ?
Super/Strato Volcanoes
36
What is a Lava Dome Volcanoe ?
A slow moving eruption that cools in a dome shape. Likely not a tall volcano.
37
What is a caldera volcanoe ?
Likely from a high pressure blast, the Calderon is in the middle of the volcanoes indentation.
38
What are the 5 types of eruptions ?
- Fissure - Hawaiian - Strombolian - Volcanian - Plinian
39
What is Pyroclastic flow ?
A mix of solid or semi-Solid fragments and hot, expanding gasses that flow down the flank of a volcanic endifice.
40
T/F: Plinian/Puroclastic flow is the most deadly because of it’s hurricane like speeds.
True.
41
Sedimentary rock is made from what ?
Weathering and sediment.
42
What is Weathering?
The breakdown of rock exposed at earths surface.
43
What is sediment ?
Loose fragments of rock, crystal or shell.
44
What are the 2 types of sedimentary rock ?
Chemical and physical
45
What is exfoliation of rock?
When erosion strips away the rock, the expansion generates parallel fracture and forms a dome.
46
What is frost wedging ?
The freezing of water in cracks/voids that expand the rock by 9% in volume.
47
What is chemical weathering?
Chemical breakdown of rock by removing or adding elements. Water to these elements may create a reaction.
48
What is oxidation ?
When a metal in rock has a chemical reaction with oxygen.
49
What is spheroidal weathering ?
When water travels along fractures from the outside in and carves pathways in rock.
50
What are the classes of sedimentary rock ?
- Clastic - Organic - Biochemical - Chemical
51
What is the Clastic classification of rock ?
When loose rock fragments are cemented together.
52
What is the Biochemical classification of rock ?
Cemented shells and organisms in rock.
53
What is the Organic classification of rock ?
Rock with carbon-rich remains of once living organisms.
54
What is the Chemical classification of rock?
Rocks or minerals that crystallize directly from water.
55
When the transport distance of a rock increases, what decreases ?
Grain size
56
What is angularity ?
When grain roundness increases with transport.
57
What's an example of rock sorting?
When sorting increases the rocks as a group become smaller and more spherical in angularity.
58
When classifying Clastic sedimentary rock, this provides clues about what ?
The source area and depositional environment.
59
What are fine particles of sedimentary rock ?
The most common located in lake, lagoon or deep ocean.
60
What are medium particles of sedimentary rock ?
Most commonly quartz in beach, dune or river with moderate energy.
61
What are large particles of sedimentary rock ?
Cobble are rounded during transport and are located in beach, river or glacier.
62
What element is found in water-rich Marine water ?
Limestone (CaCO3)
63
What is Biochemical chert ?
Rock made from crypto-crystalline quartz and some opaline silica skeletons from plankton.
64
T/F: Is replacement chert Non-Biogenic ?
True.
65
What is agate ?
Rings inside a tree that show it's age.
66
What is bedding and stratification ?
Visible/individual layers of sedimentary rock.
67
What is a crossbed ?
A cross between a ripple (small) and a dune (large).
68
What is water level transgression ?
Water level rise.
69
What is water level regression ?
Water level fall.
70
What is a depositional environment ?
Locations where sediment accumulates that may differ in energy regime, sediment delivery and characteristic.
71
T/F: Environments range from terrestrial to marine and back to terrestrial.
True.
72
T/F: The plinian style of eruption is a passive one.
False.
73
What is a metamorphic rock ?
solid state recrystalization of a protolith.
74
What is a protolith ?
pre existing rock.
75
What do metamporphic rocks change ?
mineralogy and texture.
76
What do metamorphic rocks create ?
Foliation and phase change.
77
T/F; Pressure decreases in depth in the crust.
False. Pressure increases.
78
What is normal stress ?
When force is applied perpendicular to the surface.
79
What is shear stress ?
When one part of the mineral is moved sideways.
80
What is a defoliated Rock texture ?
When crystals are fused and interlocked with no specific pattern. (Granular)
81
What is a foliated Rock texture ?
There is an alignment of minerals due to pressure.
82
What is the lowest form of metamorphism ?
Slate.
83
What is the highest form of metamorphism ?
Gneiss.
84
What is contact/thermal metamorphism ?
Due to heat from magma invading host rock without pressure.
85
What is regional metamorphism ?
Tectonic collisions that create large amounts of foliated rock with heat and pressure.
86
What is Orogenesis ?
The regeneration of mountains by applying force to rock causing a deformation.
87
What is structural geology ?
The study of rock deformation.
88
What is a ductile structure ?
When rocks deform by flowing or folding.
89
What is geological joint ?
A fracture with no offset.
90
What is an anticline ?
An arch fold.
91
What is a sincline ?
A U-shaped fold.
92
T/F: Orogenesis creates all 3 types of rock ?
True.

Geology 100 (3 decks)

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