Final Exam

Question 1

What is relative age as to geologic dating ?

Answer 1

The order of formation.

Question 2

What is numerical age as to geologic dating ?

Answer 2

The actual number of years since an event.

Question 3

What is the principle of original horizontality ?

Answer 3

layers form flat. Tilting occurs after deposition.

Question 4

What is the principle of lateral continuity ?

Answer 4

Layers form in continuous sheets and to exist before erosion took place.

Question 5

What is the principle of super position ?

Answer 5

younger strata are above and older strata are below.

Question 6

What is the principle of cross cutting relations ?

Answer 6

When younger features cross over older features.

Question 7

What is the principle of inclusions ?

Answer 7

inclusions are always older than the enclosing material.

Question 8

What is a nonconformity ?

Answer 8

A time gap in the time record. Sedimentary rock is placed over igneous or metamorphic rock.

Question 9

What is an angular nonconformity ?

Answer 9

Layers of different orientations.

Question 10

What is numerical dating also known as ?

Answer 10

Geo-chronology

Question 11

What is Absolute Dating ?

Answer 11

Based on radioactive decay of atoms in minerals.

Question 12

What is Half-Life ?

Answer 12

The time it takes for half of the unstable nuclei to die.

Question 13

What is a fault ?

Answer 13

A fracture in the crust on which a movement has occurred.

Question 14

Where is the focus of an earthquake ?

Answer 14

The location where movement begins to fault underground.

Question 15

Where is the epicenter of an earthquake ?

Answer 15

The location on the surface above the focus.

Question 16

T/F: The San Andreas fault is a strike slip fault.

Answer 16

T

Question 17

What is Seismology ?

Answer 17

The study of earthquake waves.

Question 18

What are Primary Waves (P-Waves) ?

Answer 18

The very first to arrive at a seismograph station.

Question 19

What are secondary waves (S-Waves) ?

Answer 19

These arrive between the P and Surface waves.

Question 20

What are surface waves ?

Answer 20

The slowest but make up the most earthquake damage.

Question 21

T/F: Time lag decreases with distance during an earthquake.

Answer 21

False; Time lag increases.

Question 22

What is triangulation ?

Answer 22

A way of finding the epicenter of an earthquake by locating data from 3 places.

Question 23

What is a Richter scale ?

Answer 23

an earthquake magnitude scale that measures the height of seismic waves.

Question 24

What is liquidification ?

Answer 24

Materials saturated in water turn to a mobile fluid when shaken.

Question 25

What is a glacier ?

Answer 25

A thick mass of ice that move due to gravity.

Question 26

What is a mountain glacier ?

Answer 26

A glacier that moves from high to low elevation in mountain settings.

Question 27

What is a continental glacier ?

Answer 27

Large glaciers that cover vast areas like Greenland or the Antarctic.

Question 28

What is plucking ?

Answer 28

When ice from bedrock breaks and removes bedrock fragments.

Question 29

What is glacial abrasion ?

Answer 29

A sandpaper-like effect on substrate.

Question 30

What is glacial sediment transport ?

Answer 30

when glaciers at as a large scale conveyor belt or bulldozer.

Question 31

what are some ways that the melting of glaciers can impact CA ?

Answer 31

Loss of shoreline and increased housing command.

Question 32

What is the primary control on deserts ?

Answer 32

Plate tectonics

Question 33

T/F: Extreme dryness can be hot or cold.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What is rain shadow deserts ?

Answer 34

Moist ocean winds are driven up and over mountains.

Question 35

What is Desertification ?

Answer 35

Aridification/sudden dryness of non-desert areas.

Question 36

Where does stream flow begin ?

Answer 36

As runoff in mountains.

Question 37

What is a drainage basin ?

Answer 37

An area drained by a stream.

Question 38

What is the continental divide ?

Answer 38

a divide that separates the two main drainage basins West and East.

Question 39

What is base level ?

Answer 39

The lowest point to which a stream can erode (Oceans).

Question 40

What is a waterfall ?

Answer 40

created when a resistant cap rock easily erodes layers underneath.

Question 41

T/F: IN the mountains, river eroded valleys are U-Shaped.

Answer 41

False. Valleys are V-shaped.

Question 42

What is a long shore current ?

Answer 42

Material that moves laterally as beach drift.

Question 43

What is an emergent coast ?

Answer 43

A transition between sea level and mountain which is long in distance and unbroken.

Question 44

What is a submergent coast ?

Answer 44

Relative sea level rise caused by deglaciacion and tectonic subsidence.

Question 45

What are some coastal resources ?

Answer 45

Power production, Fish farming, Desalination.