Exam #2

Question 1

Stroop Test

Answer 1

can be used to distinguish deliberate vs. automatic processes

Question 2

Schemas

Answer 2

Organized information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationship to other concepts

Question 3

Script

Answer 3

Schemas about behavioral patterns

Question 4

Priming

Answer 4

temporarily activating a concept in the mind

Question 5

Gain Framing

Answer 5

Focus on positive benefit of action (inaction); more effective for prevention behavior

Question 6

Loss Framing

Answer 6

Focus on downside of inaction (action)

Question 7

Attributions

Answer 7

People constantly attempt to explain the causes of their own and other’s behavior

Question 8

Kind of Attributions

Answer 8

Internal vs. External (to the person; Stable vs. Unstable

Question 9

Actor/Observer Bias

Answer 9

Person doing the act attributes behavior to the situation, Person observing the act attributes behavior to the person; inconsistently replicated

Question 10

Correspondent Inference

Answer 10

Conclusion that behavior corresponds to the internal person’s traits

Question 11

Correspondence bias

Answer 11

overemphasis on internal attributions, minimize importance of situation; same thing as Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 12

Heuristics

Answer 12

Mental shortcuts

Question 13

Representativeness

Answer 13

Concluding that things that seem to go together actually do

Question 14

Base-rate fallacy

Answer 14

overestimating probability that Tom is an engineer because he sounds like an engineer

Question 15

Availability Heuristic

Answer 15

Things readily brought to mind are believed to be more frequent or important

Question 16

Simulation Heuristic:

Answer 16

Events more easily imagined are judged as more likely or more frequent

Question 17

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 17

Imagining alternatives to past or present events; includes upward and downward counterfactuals

Question 18

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

Answer 18

Tendency to use an initial value (anchor) as a starting point, then we adjust

Question 19

Confirmation Bias

Answer 19

Seeing what you want to see

Question 20

Illusory Correlation

Answer 20

Tendency to overestimate how much things are related

Question 21

False Consensus

Answer 21

People’s own attitudes influence their estimate regarding other’s attitudes

Question 22

False Uniqueness

Answer 22

Tendency to underestimate how many people who share one’s prized characteristics or abilities

Question 23

Hot Hand

Answer 23

Belief that streaks will continue

Question 24

Gambler’s fallacy

Answer 24

Belief that a change events are affected by previous events and will “even out”

Question 25

Emotion

Answer 25

Conscious reaction to an event

Question 26

Mood

Answer 26

diffuse feeling-not linked to an event

Question 27

Affect

Answer 27

automatic evaluation, positive or negative

Question 28

Emotional Arousal

Answer 28

linked to conscious emotions, physiological response

Question 29

James-Lange Theory

Answer 29

Bodily changes precede emotional experience. Weakness to theory: there are same responses for different emotions

Question 30

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Answer 30

Feedback from face muscles evokes or magnifies emotions. Weakness: replication problems, feeling observed eliminates effect

Question 31

Schater-Singer Theory

Answer 31

Emotion has 2 components: Bodily state of arousal, and Cognitive label for emotion

Question 32

Misattribution of Arousal

Answer 32

Arousal from one event is attributed to a different event

Question 33

Affect Balance

Answer 33

Number of positive emotions relative to negative

Question 34

Life Satisfaction

Answer 34

How your overall life compares to some standard

Question 35

The Hedonic Treadmill

Answer 35

People tend to maintain their same level of happiness over time

Question 36

Emodiversity

Answer 36

Being happy all the time is bad, negative emotions help memory, anger is good with negotiations

Question 37

Survivor Guilt

Answer 37

feeling bad about the unfairness of life

Question 38

Affective Forcasting

Answer 38

Predicting our emotional responses to future events, we are often inaccurate

Question 39

Impact Bias

Answer 39

Overestimating the intensity and duration of emotional events

Question 40

Yerkes-Dodson Law:

Answer 40

Some arousal is good for performance, too much arousal can hurt performance

Question 41

Affect Regulation Strategies

Answer 41

Distraction, seek social support

Question 42

Belief

Answer 42

Factual information about something, may be correct or incorrect

Question 43

Attitude

Answer 43

Overall evaluation about something

Question 44

Deliberate (Explicit) Attitude

Answer 44

Conscious evaluative response, can be measured directly

Question 45

Automatic (Implicit) Attitude

Answer 45

Very Fast evaluative response, unconscious, must e measured indirectly

Question 46

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 46

Measures implicit attitudes

Question 47

Mere-exposure Effect

Answer 47

We tend to like things we've seen before, particularly when we are not aware of exposure

Question 48

Embodied Attitudes

Answer 48

Bodily movement may produce attitude change

Question 49

Social Learning

Answer 49

We copy attitudes through observation

Question 50

Polarization

Answer 50

Attitudes become more extreme as we consider them

Question 51

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 51

When attitude and behavior are inconsistent

Question 52

Effort Justification

Answer 52

People seek to justify and rationalize any suffering or effort they have made

Question 53

Post-Decision Dissonance

Answer 53

After you make a choice, you might still pine for other options, we reduce dissonance

Question 54

A-B Problem

Answer 54

Inconsistency between attitude (A) and behavior (B)

Question 55

Belief Perseverance

Answer 55

Once beliefs form, they are hard to change, even if sources are refuted

Question 56

Cognitive Coping

Answer 56

Restores positive beliefs after trauma, restores self-esteem and control, may believe events have a higher purpose

Question 57

Religious Coping

Answer 57

Doesn't need to be verified, also provides social support