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VHS 350 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are ruminants different?

A

Their 4 chambered stomach gives them the ability to utilize fibrous feeds.

-Low energy feed can be converted to VFAs -Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

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2
Q

What biological priorities should be considered when choosing ratios for your cows?

A
  1. Maintenance 2.Growth 3. Milk, Production 4. Reproduction
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3
Q

What do CP, DM, NEM, TEN, stand for?

A

CP: Crude Protein DM: Dry Matter NEM: Net Energy Metabolized

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4
Q

What do nutrition requirements depend on?

A

-Stage of Production -Body Condition -Biological Types

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5
Q

What is the most critical period of nutrition for a cow?

A

Early lactation

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6
Q

Early Lactation

A

-Most critical period -Required intake; 1.7-2.5% BW of DM -9-10% CP -Stress of calving and environment can be hard on the cow

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7
Q

What does the cow have the lowest energy needs?

A

Mid Lactation/gestation: After the calf is weaned ~ 7 moths after calving, she should be bread back. Mommas are given a lot of feed to replenish body condition

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8
Q

What is the second most critical nutritional period for cows?

A

Late gestation because they she is getting ready to produce a lot of milk

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9
Q

Late gestation

A

Cows should be at adequate 5-6 BCS. Greatest fetal growth and development occurs. Requirements: 14% Energy increase. 20% CP Increase. Mid Gestation requirements: 1.5-2lb High protein supplement. Need more protein because calf is growing.

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10
Q

During what stage of lactation can milk fever be seen?

A

During early lactation

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11
Q

Early Lactation in Heifers

A

Yearling heifers require 11-12 % CP because they are growing and lactating Heifers have a decreased DM intake 1-2 weeks post partum

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12
Q

Average DM intake for BCS

A

Fleshly cows: 1.5lb/100 of BW Average cows: 1.75lb/100 of BW Thin cows: 2-2.5lb/100 of BW

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13
Q

Biological type influence

A

Maintenance and lactation requirements increase with body frame score and milk production It is influenced by breed, heterosis, and genetic potential.

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14
Q

Other nutritional requirements depend on…

A

Sex Age Weather Physical activity Bad weather=energy demand increases

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15
Q

BCS

A

Ideal: 5-6 Preferred: 5 Better condition = higher fertility BCS of 1 won’t have enough energy to cycle BCS of 9 will cycle but may not breed, may have dystocia issues

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16
Q

Young bull nutrition is aimed at?

A

Growth and development Usually would need to thin out to breed effectively when it matures

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17
Q

Bull (young) testing and nutrition

A

Bull tests use concentrate-based rations. Low roughage and energy rich that pushes for overall growth and condition Bull may need a few weeks to readjust rumen flora after bull test Overgrown hooves and ruminitis can be a risk of bull test.

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18
Q

Bull nutrition outside of test

A

Ration will be similar to what cows are getting More forage, high roughages, low concentrates Bull may need to be fed back to good BCS for breeding because he will require a lot of energy and could lose a lot of weight during breeding season.

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19
Q

Correlation between fertility and BCS

A

Cows are more fertile on first cycle and bulls are more fertile for BSE if close to ideal body condition

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20
Q

Feed Classifications (3)

A
  1. Roughages 2. Concentrates 3. Supplements
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21
Q

Roughages

A

High fiber content, low digestible nutrients Ex: Fescue, timothy, clover, oat hay, orchard.

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22
Q

Stored roughages

A

Ex: Baled hay, silage, straw Hay: adequate to marginal for energy and Protein Legume: High in protein Silage: mid-high energy, low protein Straw: low energy, high fiber, low protein

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23
Q

Concentrates

A

Low fiber, high digestible nutrients Ex: oats, grains, corn, etc.

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24
Q

What grain is the standard for comparison because it is the most widely fed?

A

Corn -Easy to use -Not much protein -Small grains like barley and oats have 85-90% of the energy value of corn, and are higher in protein

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25
Concentrates Protein feeds
Ex: Soybean meal, cottonseed meal, poultry litter, urea. -Soybean: primary for feed, high far, high protein -Cottonseed: lower protein than soy, higher energy and fiber if whole. Feed meals are easier to absorb than wholes
26
Molasses in Feed
They raise palatability and act as binding agent for mineral to make them yummy
27
Main feed-related diseases
Molybdenum toxicity Gossypol toxicity Botulism Aflatoxicosis
28
Molybdenum toxicity
It is seen in rough, starchy pastures high in molybdenum. Excess Molybdenum causes copper deficiency because it binds to copper in the body and depletes it of it. C/S: scours, rough coats, poor fertility rate Dx: enzyme assay of copper containing ceruloplasmin Tx: copper suplementation
29
Copper supplementation can cause what disease in sheep?
It can cause copper toxicosis in sheep
30
Gossypol Toxicity
Toxic ingredient in cotton plant, specifically the free form.
31
Gossypol Toxicity Tx:
C/S: Cardiopulmonary, hepatic, renal, reproductive Tx: Prevention is to not add too much cottonseed to feed Prolonged exposure causes anorexia, weight loss, decreased growth rate, increased susceptibility to stress in calves
32
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum. Works on neurotransmitter junction. Prevents acetyl choline release in junction Tx: prevention, early detection can be treated Caused by dead animals being rolled up in hay (dead rats)
33
Aflatoxicosis
Toxic strain of Aspergillus flavus is Aspergillus parasitieus Acute toxicosis seen more commonly in calves C/S: (Acute) Anorexia, depression, hemorrhage and icterus (yellowing of skin) Control: Monitor feed storage for moisture content and presence of mold Comes from fungi, more common in calves. Target organ: The LIVER
34
Cotton
Whole: Protein Hulled: Fiber
35
What are the characteristics of Eartern Feedlots?
They are characterized as "farmers feedlots" Cattle purchased locally from Southeastern states Smalles \< 4000 head Smaller workforce have a wide range of tasks. Cattle are used to market the grain and forages produced at the farm. Black hides are 1.5 c/lb more valuable
36
How do farmers feedlots tend to feed calves?
They tend to use higher roughage rations for longer periods of time. They tend to have a "all natural herd" which is raised on pastrured. They tend to feed dairy calves. **Turn inventoy only 1 per year**
37
How are High Plains feedlots "commercial feedlots" characterized?
They tend to "custom" feed cattle for other owners (Tyson, McDonalds) or investors in addition to the cattle that they own. 10k to 30 or 40k head easily. They prefer to feed yearling cattle for about **100-150 days****.** **Turn inventory 2-3 times per year.**
38
What type of workforce do "factory farms" commercial feedlots, or high plains have?
Workforce has very especialized jobs. Cattle buying/selling Herd Health Nutritionist They tend to feed high concentrate rations. May purchase all the feeds they use. They can develop "least-cost" rations. Gummy bear candy, bakery's byproducts.
39
What are the goals of finishing cattle?
Increase marbling
40
What is marbling?
Intramuscular fat that increases taste and quality of cut/carcass
41
What kind of diet improves marbling and meat quality?
More concentrate diet 85% concentrate 15% other When it is close to slaughter time: 90-10% ration Faster gains will be seen on a concentrate diet. However, cattle still needs fiber in diet.
42
What problems can arise from a high concentrate diet?
Acidosis Ruminitis Liver abscesses complex Vena-cava thrombosis: bacteria invades vessel Laminitis
43
What are the finishing goals?
Maintain health Maximize growth Increase feed efficiency Attain carcass comp the market wants Avoid excess fatness because it is trimmed/loss Ideal: 28% body fat Ideal BCS: 7 150 days to put a lot of weight on
44
What ages and sex of cattle do best in feedlots?
Gain weight best: yearlings (20-25% faster than weanlings) Which age eats more: yearlings Which age is more efficient: weanlings because they are putting on bone Which age requires more time: weanlings
45
What age of cattle do feedlots prefer?
Yearlings (1-2 yrs old)
46
What sex does better, eats more, is more efficient on feed?
Steers do better (5%) Steers eat 5-10% more Steers are more efficient Heifers are bought at lower price because they take more money to grow and feed than steers.
47
How can cattle more efficient growers?
Hormonal implants: improve DG (daily gain) by 5-10% and feed efficiency by 5-10% Estrogen content is highest in cabbage and eggs oz/ng than implants (3.0 oz/1.2 ng).
48
What are Ionophores?
They are antibiotic like compunds which were first developed as coccidiostats in the poultry industry. They function only on the rumen microflora and they do not enter the body tissue.
49
How do Ionophores work with VFAs?
VFAs: Acetic Acid, Butyric Acid, Propionic Acid. Ionophores increases propionic acid (proprionate), and decreases acetic acid (acetate). Increases feed efficiency (ADG: average daily gain)
50
Who inspects livestock during processing?
USDA Veterinarian inspector
51
What are the three methods for immobilizing livestock for processing?
Mechanical: most common Chemical Electrical
52
What act/year an book initiated the humane slaughter of livestock?
The 1958 Act, Jungle Book Animal has to be rendered unconscious before slaughter
53
USDA quality grades
A: \< 30 mts B: \< 42 mts C: \< 72 mts **Based on age and marbling**
54
USDA Yield Grades
Yield 1, 3, or 5 **2.8 = 2 no rounding** The lower the number the better
55
Sheep products
Wool Meat
56
What are the types of wool that sheep maily produce?
Fine Medium Other: long fancy wool used for rugs Angora wool for fancy clothing
57
What are the categories and ages of meat (sheep)?
Lamb (\<12 mts) Yearling Lamb (\<15mts) Mutton (\>15 mts)
58
Goat Products
Meat Milk
59
How old are usually chevron kids?
6-9 mts old 50-60 lbs
60
How old are cabrito kids?
4-8 wks old Used in religious meals **Most tender. More tender than Chevron**
61
What is the primaty source of milk in the developing world?
Goat's milk
62
What s the hormone that controls reproduction in sheep?
Melatonin
63
What type of reproduction do sheep have?
They are short day breeders Start cycling in the fall when days are shorter Pineal gland secretes melatonin
64
How do sheep sense daylight?
It is sensed in the Pineal glad Secretes melatonin
65
What type of breeding do meat Goats have?
Polyestrus Cycle every 21 days
66
What type of breeding cycle do dairy goats have?
Seasonally Polyestrus
67
What are the main differences in nutrition between sheep and goats?
Sheep are grazers Goats are browser
68
How do sheep like their grass?
6 inches and tender Can meet their nutrient requirements from grass alone
69
What do goats like to eat?
Brush They like higher fiber They can improve a pasture in 3-4 years
70
How is wool different than fur?
It grows differently
71
What is wool?
Staples
72
What else besides sheep make wool?
Alpacas, llamas, Angora goats
73
What are hairless sheep?
They are a cross between a Caribbean and meat breed
74
Wool processing
1. Wash fleece 2. Sort wool 3. Cord wool 4. Comb wool 5. spin wool 6. Ply yarn
75
Goat dairy production
Sought for perceived health benefits (not backed up by science) and its unique taste It can be aromatic because goat browse eating aromatic bushes Lactose in tolerant people can often drink goat milk without having problems Goat milk has natural homoginazation Candles, soaps, lotions, etc.
76
What are the major dairy breeds in goats?
Nubian Toggenburn LaMancha Oberhasil Alpine Saanen
77
When is peak lactation for goats?
4-6 wks after birth Early lactation
78
Will goats get enough nutrition from forage?
No, they need supplementation
79
What supplements do goats need?
Vitamin B Calcium Phosphorous
80
What legumes can be fed to Goats to provide enough nutrition?
Clover, Alfalfa Higher protein Higher calcium
81
Sheep meat production
It is mainly determined by age and degree of flank streaking
82
What are the possible grades for lamb meat?
Prime Choice Good Utility Cull
83
What are the three parameters to grade lamb?
Maturity Flanking Conformation
84
What determine sheep meat quality?
99% by Age 1% Flank Streaking More flank = better quality Narrow body = young = better Shorter and thicker = higher conforming
85
How are the ribs of older animals?
Have flat and wide ribs
86
How are the ribs of young animals?
Red and narrow ribs
87
What age is a sheep with 2 break joints?
A young lamb
88
What age is a sheep that has a break joint and a spool joint?
Older lamb to a yearling mutton
89
What age is a sheep that has two spool joints?
Mutton
90
Spool and break joints
Young = 3-8 mts Breaks found in young animals Spools found in older animals
91
What are the aging terms associated with spool and break joints in sheep?
=Spool and break combination = yearling mutton Two break joints = lamb/young Two spool joints = mutton
92
Do goat meat has an official grading system?
No, it does not
93
What are the common grades for goat meat?
Grades 1-4 1 = best 4 = utility Goats are not a common meat animal in the U.S
94
What State has the most goats? Sheep? What State is second?
Texas is # 1 for goats and sheep Tennessee is # 2
95
How many teats do goats have?
2
96
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is caused by what vector?
face flies
97
M. avium sub. paratuberculosis causes what disease?
Johne's disease
98
L. monocytogenes is the bacterial cause of what disease?
Circling disease
99
What bacteria is transmitted by wildlife urine that can cause abotion storms or weak calves?
Leptospirosis spp.
100
Easiest way to treat acetoanemia
Oral propylene glycol
101
A decrease in fertelity, livability, and longevity is known as:
Inbreeding depression
102
A cervical prolapse with no necrotic tissue present in considered what grade?
III
103
What is the best treatment for Johne's disease?
No treatment
104
Secondary spermatic abnormalities occur where?
Epididymis 1st in testis
105
Bacterial causes of BRD are P. multocida and
M. haemolytica
106
In a rotational breeding system, mature cows are
placed in another breeding group with a new bull of a different breed
107
3-methylindole is a natural byproduct that is pneumotoxic and causes what disease in cattle?
Fog fever
108
Signs of lead poisoning
grinding teeth, having muscle tremors, violent convulsions
109
Acetone breath is associated with?
Ketosis
110
Calf presented with two rear limbs showing in the birth cannal
Posterior presentation
111
A continous breeding system, is a system where?
Heifers are kept as replacements
112
A feedlot producer most likely buy
yearling stock
113
The ischemic disease that affects cattle, when exposed to an endophyte fungus is?
Fescue foot
114
F. necrophorum, a normal flora of the rumen, causes what disease when exposed to a large amounts of concentrate ratios (simple carbs)?
Rumenitis
115
If lutalyse is given to a cow at the begining of diestrus, what will occur?
Corpus luteum is destroyed, returns to proestrus
116
Where are the gonadotropins produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
117
A feedlot steer is found laterally recumbent and is noted to have a dorsomedial strabismus, what is affecting the steer?
Polioencephalomalacia
118
What hormone increases during metestrus?
Progesterone

VHS 350 (4 decks)

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