Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What two stages do hormones go through before becoming the active hormone?

A
  • Preprohormone

- Prohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two products are created when a prohormone is cleaved?

A
  • Active hormone

- Inactive fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why would endocrinologists observe levels of C-peptide in a patient’s blood?

A

Equal amounts of C-peptide and insulin are produced when insulin is cleaved into its active form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Amine hormones are derived from what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are amine hormones or steroid hormones synthesized upon demand?

A

Steroid hormones are synthesized on demand

-amine hormones are synthesized then stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are hormones’ half lives increased while in circulation?

A
  • binding proteins

* but only the free form can bind to receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is tonic secretion of hormones?

A

-a small amount of hormone is secreted constantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If a hormone is hydrophobic, will its action on the target cell be faster or slower….why?

A
  • slower
  • hydrophobic (lipophilic) hormones usually act on nuclear receptors which affect protein production and have a slower affect.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If a hormone is hydrophilic, will its action on the target cell be faster or slower…why?

A
  • faster
  • hydrophilic (lipophobic) hormones cannot freely cross the plasma membrane so their receptor is on the membrane and usually has a faster intracellular action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are insulin and thyroid hormone receptors so widely distributed?

A

Metabolism related receptors/hormones are needed for every cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the targets of tropic hormones?

A

-other endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What effect does TRH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

stimulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What effect does TSH have on the thyroid?

A

stimulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

-an abnormality in the last endocrine organ leading to hyper or hyposecretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

A

-an abnormality in tropic hormone leading to hypo or hypersecretion (of the end hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In primary hyperthyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In secondary hyperthyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In primary hypothyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In secondary hypothyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of hormone does the anterior pituitary release?

A

-peptide hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What 6 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

GAT FLiP

A
  1. Growth Hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  6. Prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin

2. Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What make up 30-40% of the cells of the ant. pituitary?
somatotrophs (GH)
26
What make up 20% of the cells of the ant. pituitary?
corticotrophs (ACTH)
27
How do the hypothalamic releasing hormones get to the ant pituitary?
-through the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels
28
What are the 5 hypothalamic releasing hormones? | Thank Goodness Courtney Guzzles P*****s
1. TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) 2. GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) 3. CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) 4. GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) 5. PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone)
29
What are the 2 hypothalamic inhibiting hormones?
1. Somatostatin (GHIH - Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone) | 2. Dopamine (PIH - Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone)
30
What hormone does sleep, hypoglycemia, and stress trigger secretion of?
-GHRH
31
What hormone does aging, disease, and glucose tigger secretion of?
-Somatostatin (SS)
32
GHRH, dopamine, catecholamines, excitatory aa's, and thyroid hormone stimulate release of...
-GH
33
FFA, glucose, IGF-1, and somatostatin stimulate the release of...
-GHIH (inhibits the release of GH)
34
IGF-1 is primarily synthesized in the....
-liver
35
Why might excessive GH cause someone to develop DM?
GH reduces glucose utilization, increases glucogenesis, and stimulates lipolysis
36
Someone with macrocephaly, macrognathia, mandibular prognathism, and generalized diastemata might have...
-excess GH
37
Does hyper or hyposecretion of GH cause hypoglycemia?
hyposeceretion
38
What 3 things trigger the hypothalamus to release ADH?
1. Decreased blood volume (isotonic) 2. Increased osmolarity (isovolemic) 3. Decreased BP
39
What ion gradient drives iodine ions into thyroid follicular cells?
Na+ (secondary active symporter)
40
What ion gradient drives I2 out of the follicular cell and into the colloid?
Cl- (secondary active antiporter)
41
What is the most important amino acid needed in thyroglobulin production?
Tyrosine
42
How can individual target cells alter their exposure to T3?
-by regulating their tissue deiodinase synthesis (converting less T4 to T3)
43
What amino acid is essential for deiodinase activity?
selenium
44
What form of thyroid hormone is most responsible for negative feedback to the ant pituitary and hypothalamus?
T4 (still converted to T3 within the tissues)
45
What receptor is responsible for Thyroid storms?
Beta-adrenergic receptors (of the SNS) in cardiovascular system -normal sympathetic actions can trigger a massive sympathetic response
46
How can thyroid hormone cause an increase in PTH secretion?
-TH activates bone formation which pulls Ca++ from the blood and PTH is needed to incr blood Ca++
47
Hyperthyroidism is ___________ to the gastrointestinal system.
-stimulatory
48
A thyroid adenoma is an example of a primary or secondary endocrine disorder?
-Primary
49
Graves disease causes ____thyroidism by creating ________ that ______ TSH receptors.
- HYPER - antibodies - stimulate
50
Hyperthyroidism causes what eye condition?
-exophthalmos
51
Why is epinephrine and elective dental care contraindicated for pts with hyperthyroidism?
-both can cause a thyroid storm
52
What is Hashimoto's disease and what causes it?
- most common cause of hypothyroidism | - autoimmune reaction against thyroid gland that destroys it
53
Hypothyroidism in a pt without a goiter is likely caused by....
TSH deficiency
54
What is myxedema?
Increased
55
What causes cretinism in infants?
Congenital or endemic cretinism.
56
Poor wound healing, dysgeusia, salivary gland/tongue enlargement, and delayed tooth eruption are all oral signs of...
hypothyroidism
57
What is the immediate effect of raising extra cellular phosphate levels to 2-3x times normal?
no major immediate effects
58
What are the three control points for calcium and phosphate?
1. Absorption (intestines) 2. Excretion (urine and feces (Ca++ only)) 3. Temporary storage (hydroxyapatite in bones)
59
What three hormones cause bone resorption?
PTH, Cortisol, T3
60
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Calcium: ? Phosphate: ? How?
Calcium: increases Phosphate: decreases -bone resorption, renal reabsorption, and intestinal absorption. Excretion of phosphate
61
Calcitriol Ca++: ? Phosphate: ? How?
Ca++: increase Phosphate: increase -enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
62
Calcitonin Ca++: ? Phosphate: ? How?
Ca++: decrease Phosphate: decrease -stimulates bones formation
63
A person is found to have elevated levels of circulating RANKL. They might also have elevated.....
PTH
64
A person is found to have elevated levels of circulating osteoprotegerin. They might also have elevated.....
Calcitonin
65
Defective chief cells would lead to no _____ being secreted which would do what to blood calcium and phosphate levels?
- PTH | - decreased blood Ca++ and increased blood phosphate
66
Pregnancy, Rickets, and Lactation all cause hypertrophy of what endocrine gland?
-parathyroid gland
67
Dysfunction with the liver would affect the production, storage or activation of calcitriol?
-storage Skin: production Kidney: activation
68
If plasma Ca++ levels are low and phosphate levels are normal, how does PTH prevent lowering of phosphate while increasing Ca++ levels?
-stimulatory to calcitriol action. Calcitriol then increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
69
Calcitonin is what kind of hormone? Secreted by what cells of what gland?
- peptide hormone - parafollicular cells - thyroid gland
70
Why would primary hyperparathyroidism cause muscle weakness and have depressive effects on the nervous system?
-excess PTH causes hypercalcemia that decreases nerve exciteability
71
Why might someone have hyperparathyroidism if their parathyroid glands and associated structures are working just fine?
- chronic low blood Ca++ - chronic renal disease (can't synth Vit D3) - Vit D deficiency
72
What test shows possible hypoparathyroidism and how does it work?
- Chvostek's sign | - flicking facial nerve causes muscle spasm due to increase Na+ permeability
73
What are the three classes of hormones? Which ones are soluble in plasma?
1. Proteins and polypeptides (soluble in plasma) 2. Steroids 3. Derivatives of Tyrosine
74
What glands secrete protein and polypeptide hormones? Hormones of Protein and PolyPePtides
Hypothalamus, Ant Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary, Pancreas
75
Glands that secrete steroid hormones? Steroid TACO
Adrenal Cortex, Ovaries, Testes
76
What glands secrete amine (derived from tyrosine) hormones? TAMine
Thyroid, Adrenal Medullary Neurohormones (Epi, NE)
77
Why might an alcoholic have abnormal plasma hormone levels?
Alcoholism causes cirrhosis and most binding proteins are synth in the liver.

Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions