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Physiology > Exam 6 General > Flashcards

Exam 6 General Flashcards

1
Q

What factors are stimuli for BER?

A
  • distention of duodenum
  • nut content of chyme
  • gastroenteric reflex (SI to stomach)
  • hormones: CCK, gastrin, insulin, serotonin
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2
Q

What hormones are inhibitors of BER?

A
  • glucagon

- secretin

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3
Q

Rate of chyme moving through SI

A

1 cm/min

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4
Q

How far does a peristalsis contraction last?

A

3-5 cm

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5
Q

What is the maximum concentration of bicarbonate the pancreas can secrete?

A

145 mEq/L (4x that of plasma concentration)

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6
Q

What percentage of protein is digested by pepsin?

A

10-20%

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7
Q

Pepsin is important for the digestion of what?

A

Collagen

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8
Q

Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, carboxypolypeptidases, and elastase produce what?

A

Small peptides and amino acids

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9
Q

Brush border peptidases produce what?

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

What are the two emulsifiers of fat in the small intestine?

A
  • bile salts

- lecithin (phospholipid)

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11
Q

How is the rate of micelle formation determined?

A

Micelle formation and breakdown are in equilibrium

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12
Q

What breaks down phospholipids?

A

Phospholipase A2

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13
Q

How much Na+ is absorbed in the GI lumen?

A

95.5%

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14
Q

What substances are actively absorbed in the SI?

A
  • Ca2+
  • (PO4)3-
  • Mg2+
  • Fe2+
  • Bile Salts
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15
Q

What triggers “Mass Movements” from the transverse to sigmoid colon 1-3 times per day for about 10 minutes?

A

Gastrocolic and Duodenocolic Reflexes

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16
Q

Two unique and important functions of the colonic bacteria?

A
  • Nutrient Salvage: undigested carbs to short chain fatty acids
  • Vit K production
17
Q

What structures does CCK act on?

A

Gallbladder -> contract
Pancreas -> stim acinar cells
Stomach -> recept relax, decr epmtying, decr HCl secr
Sphincter of Oddi -> relax

all contribute to better digestion and absorption

18
Q

What pH level in the SI stimulates secretin release?

A

<4.5

19
Q

What pH levels stim max secretin release?

A

<3

20
Q

What is max bicarb output?

A

30 mEq/hr

21
Q

What phase of digestion does most secretin release occur?

A

Intestinal since it responds to low pH in SI

22
Q

What phase of digestion does most CCK release occur?

A

Intestinal since it responds to fatty acids and amino acids through CCK-RP as well as MP.

23
Q

What percentage of pancreatic secretion occurs in the cephalic phase? Gastric? What mechanism stimulates the secretion?

A

Cephalic: 20%
Gastric: 5-10%

Vago-Vagal Reflex does both

24
Q

What are the Na+ and K+ concentrations in pancreatic juice?

A

Always same as plasma

25
Q

HCO3- and Cl- conc in low flow panc secretions?

A

HCO3- low and Cl- high

26
Q

HCO3- and Cl- conc in high flow panc secretions?

A

HCO3- high and Cl- low

27
Q

Malnutrition with steatorrhea could be a sign of….

A

chronic pancreatitis: destruction of acinar cells means less panc juice (enzymes) secreted so less digestion and thus absorption.

28
Q

Without pancreatic enzymes how much fat is NOT absorbed?

A

60%

30-40% of carbs and prot not absorbed

29
Q

How much bile is produced by hepatocytes per day?

A

600-1000 ml/day

30
Q

What components of bile do hepatocytes secrete?

A
  • bile salts (acids)
  • cholesterol
  • bilirubin
  • lecithin
31
Q

How does CCK stim bile secretion into the duodenum?

A
  • contract the GB so more bile flows into common duct

- relax sphncter of oddi so more bile flows into duodenum

32
Q

What affect does secretin have on the liver?

A

Stimulates biliary ductal cells to secrete HCO3- (similar to pancreas)

33
Q

How are bile salts reabsorbed in the ileum?

A

-Apical sodium dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT)

34
Q

4 conditions that cause low ASBT activity

A
  • Crohn’s Disease
  • Congenital primary bile acid malabsorption
  • IBS
  • Idiopathic chronic diarrhea
35
Q

Other than hepatocyte dysfunction and blockages of the biliary ducts, what can cause a disorder of biliary secretion?

A

-intestinal mucosal defects impair bile salt reabsorption

Physiology (6 decks)

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