Exam 2 _Openstax Cells and Organelles Flashcards
1
Q
Plasma Membrane aka cell membrane
A
the outer shell of all cells made of phospholipids
2
Q
Cytoplasm
A
gel like substance that holds the organelles and nucleus in place
3
Q
Nuclear Envelope
A
membrane enclosing the nucleus. protein lined pores allow material to move in and out
4
Q
Chromatin:
A
DNA plus associated proteins
5
Q
Nucleolus:
A
condensed region where ribosomes are formed.
6
Q
Peroxisome:
A
metabolizes waste
7
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
associated with ribosomes; makes secretory and membrane proteins
8
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
makes lipids
9
Q
Microtubules:
A
form the mitotic spindle and maintain cells shape
10
Q
Centrosome:
A
microtubule-organizing center
11
Q
Intermediate Filaments:
A
fibrous proteins that hold organelles in place.
12
Q
Microtubules:
A
fibrous proteins; form the cellular cortex.
13
Q
Lysosome:
A
digests food and waste materials
14
Q
Golgi Apparatus:
A
modifies proteins
15
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
??
16
Q
Mitochondria
A
produce energy
17
Q
Vacuole
A
??
18
Q
Phospholipid
A
a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.
19
Q
Plasma membrane regulates…
A
the passage of some substances, preventing from entering, bring in and removing
20
Q
Nucleus:
A
contains chromatin, a nuclear envelope, and a nucleolus, as in an animal cell
21
Q
Plastid:
A
stores pigments
22
Q
Chloroplast
A
site of photosynthesis
23
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments
24
Q
Central Vacuole
A
filled with cell sap that maintains pressure against cell wall
25
Cell Wall
maintains cell shape
26
Plasmodesmata:
channels connect two plant cells
27
Glycoprotein
protein with carbohydrate attached
28
Glycolipid
lipid with carbohydrate attached
29
Plasma membrane is
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
30
What cells are found in intestine?
cells with fingerlike projections called microvilli
31
Celiac disease is....?
an immune response to gluten, where microvilli get damaged
32
What does the cytoplasm comprise?
the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope
33
What is the cytoplasm made up of?
organelles, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
34
What are flagella?
long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell
35
Name an example of a flagella
Sperm
36
What are cilia?
short haired structure used to move entire cells or substance along the outer surface
37
What is the nucleus?
houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
38
What is chromatin?
a mixture of DNA and proteins taht form the chromosomes in cells
39
What does the nucleolus do?
produce and assemble the cells's ribosomes
40
Nuclear envelope in simple definition
the outermost boundary of the nucleus
41
what does the nuclear envelope consist of?
two phospholipid bilayers - an outermembrane and an inner membrane
42
What does the plasma membrane consist of?
only one phospholipid bilayer
43
What type of membrane structure is the nuclear envelope?
a double-membrane structure
44
What is the nuclear envelope punctuated with...?
pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
45
What is a chromosome?
a structure within the nucleus that is made up of DNA
46
Chromatin
the combination of DNA and proteins
47
The ER is...?
a series of interconnected membranous tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids.
48
What's attached to the Rough ER's surface?
Ribosomes
49
What do ribosomes do?
synthesize proteins
50
Does the Rough ER make phospholipids for the cell membranes? Y or N?
Yes
51
Is the Rought ER engaged in modifying proteins that will secreted from the cell? Y or N?
Yes
52
What's makes the smooth ER different from the RER?
it has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface
53
What are the functions of the smooth ER?
synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and steroid hormones; detoxifying; alcohol metabolism; storage of Ca ions.
54
What does the golgi apparatus do with the vesicles from the ER?
it sorts, tags, packages and distributes lipids and proteins
55
Describe the Golgi apparatus aka Golgi body.
a series of flattened membranous sacs.
56
Lysosomes
cell's garbage disposal
57
What do lysosomes break down?
proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.
58
What are vesicles and vacuoles?
membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.
59
What are vacuoles?
organelle responsible for holding waste materials
60
What is the purpose of a vesicle.
To transport proteins or materials, or take in substance form the outside into the internal cell
61
What is the endomembrane system?
a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
62
What are ribosomes?
enzyme complexes responsible for protein synthesis
63
where are ribosomes attached?
cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum
64
What are mitochondria in simple terms?
powerhouses that make adenosine triphosphate
65
What is cellular respiration?
the formation of ATP from breakdown of glucose
66
The inner layer of mitochondria have folds called?
Cristae
67
The area surrounded by the Cristae is called?
Mitochondria matrix
68
What do animals cells have that plant cells don't?
Centrioles, centrosomes, and lysosomes.
69
What do plant cells have that animal cells don't have?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids, and centra vacuole
70
What is the cell wall?
a rigid covering that protect the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protist cells
71
What is the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls?
Peptidoglycan
72
The major organic molecule in the plant cell was is...?
cellulose
73
How are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria?
they have DNA and ribosomes, they have outer and inner membranes
74
What are thylakoids?
a set of interconnected and stacked fluid filled membrane sacs which is part of the chloroplasts inner membrane
75
Each stack of thylakoids is called a..?
Granum (grana pl.)
76
The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the grana is called the...?
stroma
77
What is cholorphyll?
a green pigment in chloroplasts
78
What does chlorophyll do?
captures the energy of sunlight for photosynthesis
79
What is symbiosis?
two separate species live in close proximity and exhibit specific adaptations for each other
80
What is endosymbiosis?
a relationship where one organism lives insider the other
81
Who is Lynn Margulis
proposed of endosymbiotic theory
82
What is the endosymbiotic theory
Organelles originated from separate organisms.
