Exam 2 ASI 520 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary difference between indoor cat food and regular cat food?
A
Indoor cat food is specially formulated to meet the dietary needs of cats that do not roam outdoors.
This includes considerations for reduced fat content and calories.
2
Q
What are some signs of an unhealthy dog?
A
- Abnormal discharges from the nose, eyes, or other body openings
- Loss of appetite or marked weight changes
- Difficult or abnormal waste elimination
- Abnormal behavior such as lethargy or sudden viciousness
- Abnormal lumps or limping
- Excessive head shaking, scratching, or licking
These signs indicate potential health issues that require veterinary attention.
3
Q
What diseases can be transferred to humans from animals?
A
- Fungal
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Mycoplasms
- Covid
These zoonotic diseases can pose significant health risks to humans.
4
Q
What does the acronym DAMN IT stand for in veterinary medicine?
A
- Developmental
- Degenerative
- Anomaly
- Allergy
- Metabolic
- Nutritional
- Neoplastic
- Infectious
- Inflammatory
- Immune-Mediated
- Trauma
- Toxic
This acronym helps categorize various health issues in pets.
5
Q
What is Bordetellosis?
A
A respiratory tract infection in dogs characterized by sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge.
Vaccines are available for prevention, especially for animals in boarding facilities.
6
Q
What is Lyme Disease and how is it transmitted?
A
Lyme Disease is transmitted by ticks and causes clinical signs such as lameness and joint swelling.
In humans, it is associated with a characteristic rash.
7
Q
What is Cat Scratch Disease?
A
An infection caused by Bartonella henselae, typically from a kitten’s scratch or bite, leading to lymph node enlargement.
It is important for immunocompromised individuals to avoid young cats.
8
Q
How is Leptospirosis acquired?
A
Through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated soil, water, or other substances.
Symptoms may include fever, lack of appetite, and muscle pain.
9
Q
What are common symptoms of Salmonellosis in pets?
A
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Fever
- Weight loss
Salmonellosis can be zoonotic, posing risks to humans.
10
Q
What is the main cause of Ringworm?
A
A fungal infection that affects the skin, hair, and claws causing patchy hair loss.
Ringworm is zoonotic and can persist for long periods.
11
Q
What are the signs of Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD)?
A
- Pain and lameness
- Difficulty standing or climbing stairs
- Stiffness and decreased stride length
Treatment options include weight management and anti-inflammatory drugs.
12
Q
What is the most common allergy in pets?
A
Allergy to flea saliva.
Other common allergens include pollen, mold, and food.
13
Q
What are the clinical symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus in pets?
A
- Polydipsia
- Increased urination
- Increased appetite
- Possible cataracts
Type I diabetes is most common, particularly in middle-aged to older pets.
14
Q
What is Hypothyroidism and its symptoms in dogs?
A
A lack of thyroid hormones due to underactive thyroid glands, leading to weight gain, low energy, and alopecia.
It is breed specific, affecting breeds like Golden Retrievers and Boxers.
15
Q
What is Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) in pets?
A
A condition common in older dogs and cats characterized by the kidneys’ inability to function properly, leading to the accumulation of waste products.
Treatment includes dietary therapy to restrict protein and phosphorus.
16
Q
What are the signs of neoplasia in pets?
A
- Abnormal swellings
- Sores that do not heal
- Weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Bleeding or discharge
- Difficulty eating or swallowing
Cancer is more common in older pets.
17
Q
What are the symptoms of chocolate poisoning in dogs?
A
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Restlessness
- Rapid breathing
- Increased heart rate
- Seizures
The severity depends on the amount and type of chocolate ingested.
18
Q
What are the types of chocolate and their theobromine content?
A
Chocolate Type and Theobromine Content (mg/oz):
* Dark Chocolate: 130-450
* Milk Chocolate: 44-58
* White Chocolate: Negligible
Dark chocolate is the most toxic to dogs.
19
Q
Why are cats more susceptible to toxins than dogs?
A
- Limited ability to metabolize toxins
- Smaller body size
- Lower levels of liver enzymes
- Grooming behavior
- Selective appetite
These factors increase their risk of poisoning.
20
Q
What is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?
A
A retrovirus affecting cats that impairs the immune system, primarily spread through bite wounds.
It is not zoonotic and is not spread through casual contact.
21
Q
What is the primary cause of Tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)?
A
The bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica, often exacerbated by other viruses.
Vaccination can help prevent this disease.
22
Q
What is the treatment for Canine Distemper?
A
- Vaccination (core vaccine)
- Anti-canine-distemper serum
- Antibiotics
- Cough suppressants
Early vaccination is crucial for prevention.
23
Q
What does FIV stand for?
A
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
FIV is a retrovirus that affects cats and is similar to HIV in humans.
24
Q
Is FIV zoonotic?
A
No
FIV is not transmitted to humans.
25
How is FIV primarily shed from infected cats?
Through bite wounds and during nursing
## Footnote
FIV is present in saliva.
26
What is a common management strategy to prevent FIV infection?
Keep cats indoors and prevent fights
## Footnote
Minimizing exposure reduces the risk of transmission.
27
What type of vaccine is available for FIV?
A vaccine that varies in efficacy depending on lifestyle and exposure risk
## Footnote
The vaccine is not a cure for FIV.
28
What is Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
A retrovirus that infects cats, causing immunosuppression, anemia, and cancer
## Footnote
FeLV is a significant infectious disease in felines.
29
How is FeLV primarily transmitted?
Through exchange of bodily fluids
## Footnote
Includes saliva, urine, feces, and mutual grooming.
30
What are common symptoms of FeLV?
* Lethargy
* Weight loss
* Poor appetite
* Fever
* Pale gums
* Enlarged lymph nodes
* Respiratory problems
* Recurrent infections
## Footnote
Symptoms can vary based on the infection stage.
31
What is the best prevention method for FeLV?
Vaccination
## Footnote
Recommended for kittens and at-risk cats.
32
What disease does Canine Parvovirus primarily affect?
Dogs, particularly puppies
## Footnote
Causes severe gastrointestinal illness.
33
What are the common signs of Canine Parvovirus?
* Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea (often bloody)
* Lethargy
* Anorexia
* Fever
* Dehydration
## Footnote
Without treatment, CPV can be fatal.
34
What is the primary mode of transmission for Canine Parvovirus?
Contact with feces and body tissues
## Footnote
The virus is highly contagious.
35
What is the rabies virus primarily transmitted through?
Saliva
## Footnote
Most commonly via bites or scratches.
36
What systems does rabies affect?
* Central nervous system
* Respiratory system
* Gastrointestinal system
* Salivary glands
## Footnote
Rabies leads to severe neurological symptoms.
37
Is rabies curable once clinical symptoms appear?
No
## Footnote
Rabies is fatal once symptoms develop.
38
What are ectoparasites?
Parasites that live on the exterior of the host
## Footnote
Examples include fleas and ticks.
39
Name two common ectoparasites encountered in pets.
* Fleas
* Ticks
## Footnote
Both can cause significant health issues.
40
What is a characteristic of heartworms?
They are transmitted by mosquito vectors
## Footnote
Heartworms can cause severe cardiovascular pathology.
41
What can flea bites cause in pets?
* Dermatitis
* Itching
* Skin irritation
* Fur loss
* Anemia
## Footnote
Fleas can provoke severe allergic reactions in some pets.
42
What is the primary control method for fleas?
Management and prevention
## Footnote
Includes using adulticides and growth regulators.
43
What are the two types of lice affecting pets?
* Sucking Lice (Anoplura)
* Chewing Lice (Mallophaga)
## Footnote
Each type has different feeding habits.
44
What is Ivermectin used for?
Anti-parasite medication effective against intestinal worms, mites, and some lice
## Footnote
It works by interfering with the insect's nervous system.
45
What are the symptoms of Sarcoptic mange?
* Intense itching
* Redness
* Inflammation
* Hair loss
## Footnote
Caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites.
46
What is a common symptom of Demodectic mange?
* Hair loss
* Redness
* Scaling
## Footnote
Typically occurs in animals with weakened immune systems.
47
What does Cheyletiella sp. cause?
Walking dandruff
## Footnote
These large mites are highly contagious.
48
What is the primary vector for Lyme disease?
Ticks
## Footnote
Lyme disease is transmitted by the bite of infected ticks.
49
What is the main symptom of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Fever, headache, rash
## Footnote
Can progress to organ failure if untreated.
50
What is the recommended method for removing a tick?
Grab by the head or mouth parts and pull steadily outward
## Footnote
Do not twist or jerk the tick during removal.
51
What is the proper way to treat a tick bite after removal?
Clean the bite wound with disinfectant and apply antibiotic ointment
## Footnote
Thoroughly wash hands after handling the tick.
52
What is the correct method for removing a tick?
Without jerking, pull firmly and steadily directly outward. Do not twist the tick as you are pulling.
53
Which methods should NOT be used to remove a tick?
Applying petroleum jelly, a hot match, or alcohol.
54
How should a tick be disposed of after removal?
Place it in a jar of alcohol to kill it and save it.
55
What should be done after cleaning a tick bite wound?
Apply a small amount of a triple antibiotic ointment.
56
What is Fipronil (Frontline) used for?
It is a potent disrupter of the CNS that kills ticks and fleas.
57
How does Fipronil act on parasites?
Acts by blocking the GABA-gated chloride channels of neurons.
58
What are nematodes commonly known as?
Roundworms, hookworms, etc.
59
Who is most at risk for zoonotic infections?
Pets, children, elderly individuals, immunocompromised individuals, and homeless individuals.
60
What are the symptoms of hookworm infection?
Anemia, loss of blood in feces, and black tarry stool.
61
What is the common treatment for hookworms?
Ivermectin®.
62
What types of roundworms affect dogs and cats?
Toxicara canis and T. cati.
63
What are the clinical signs of whipworms in dogs?
Watery feces with blood and mucus, dehydration.
64
What disease is caused by Dirofilaria immitus?
Heartworm disease.
65
How are heartworms transmitted?
By mosquitoes.
66
What is the lifespan of adult heartworms in dogs?
Up to 7 years.
67
What is the importance of preventing heartworms?
Prevention is more important than treatment.
68
What is the causative organism of heartworm disease?
Dirofilaria immitis.
69
How does heartworm infection affect blood flow?
It can physically hinder blood flow and weaken the heart.
70
What is the first step in heartworm treatment?
Stabilize the heart and lung damage.
71
What are tapeworms characterized by?
Long, flat, segmented bodies.
72
How are tapeworms typically diagnosed?
By looking for segments in feces around the anus.
73
What are protozoa?
One-celled organisms.
74
What disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?
Chaga's disease in humans.
75
What is Toxoplasmosis caused by?
Toxoplasma gondii.
76
What signs of Toxoplasmosis may be seen in cats?
Fever, jaundice, enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty breathing.
77
What is the impact of obesity on the lifespan of dogs?
Obese dogs have a shorter lifespan than lean dogs.
78
What factors are associated with shorter lifespans in larger dog breeds?
Metabolic rate differences, genetic predispositions, and physical stress from rapid growth.
79
What aids in pet longevity?
Regular veterinary care, nutrition, exercise, mental stimulation, socialization, preventive measures, and emotional well-being.
80
What is the effect of dietary restriction on lifespan?
It can result in increased lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases.
81
What is the median lifespan extension observed in lean-fed Labrador Retrievers?
1.8 years or 15%.
82
What are the two theories explaining aging?
Oxidative stress theory and antagonistic pleiotropy theory.
83
What is a common clinical sign of aging in pets?
Decreased immune function.
84
What is the most common reason for tooth loss in aging pets?
Periodontal disease.
85
What are the clinical signs of renal failure in aging pets?
PU/PD, vomiting, weight loss, dehydration.
86
What are common options for managing urinary disease in pets?
Medications, dietary management, behavioral modification, surgery, lifestyle modifications, and physical therapy.
87
What modifications should be made in the diet of aging pets?
Lower calorie content, higher protein content, reduced fat content, added joint support, increased fiber, dental health support, added antioxidants and vitamins.
88
What are some clinical signs of arthritis in aging pets?
Stiffness, inactivity, lameness, weight loss, depression.
89
What is the recommended care for geriatric pets?
Physical exercise, mental exercise, grooming, and veterinary care.
90
What is a key focus of veterinary care for aging pets?
Health screenings every 6 months.
91
What are the 5 Freedoms according to the Farm Animal Welfare Council?
* From hunger, thirst
* From discomfort
* From pain, injury, disease
* From fear, distress
* To perform normal behavior
## Footnote
These freedoms outline the basic welfare needs of animals.
92
What is the purpose of regular health screenings for pets?
To establish a baseline, conduct routine screens, and enable prevention and early treatment
## Footnote
Health screenings should be done every 6 months.
93
What is hospice care for animals?
Providing medical care for the patient and emotional support for the owner during a terminal phase
## Footnote
This allows clients time to prepare for their pet's passing.
94
What factors are considered in the decision-making process for euthanasia?
* Pet’s quality of life
* Financial resources
* Physical resources for pet care
* Time for pet care
* Impact on others in the household
## Footnote
These considerations can make euthanasia a difficult decision.
95
What does the Quality of Life scale measure?
* Hurt
* Hunger
* Hydration
* Hygiene
* Happiness
* Mobility
* More good days than bad
## Footnote
This scale ranges from 1-10, with 10 being the best quality of life.
96
What are common careers in laboratory animal work?
* Laboratory Animal Technician
* Veterinary Technician
* Laboratory Animal Veterinarian
* Laboratory Animal Scientist
* Animal Behaviorist
* Lab Animal Facility Manager
* Research Scientist
* Biomed
* Animal Welfare Specialist
## Footnote
Each role has specific responsibilities related to the care and research involving laboratory animals.
97
What are the unique challenges faced in laboratory animal work?
* 'Herd' health
* Managing a variety of species
* Providing appropriate husbandry
* Managing spontaneous disease
## Footnote
These challenges require specialized knowledge and skills.
98
What makes a good animal model for research?
* Genetic similarity
* Physiological similarity
* Availability and reproducibility
* Ease of handling and husbandry
* Well-characterized biology
* Susceptibility to diseases
* Ethical considerations
* Cost-effectiveness
* Compatibility with experimental techniques
* Translational validity
## Footnote
These factors ensure the model is effective for research purposes.
99
What is the primary research purpose of the Sprague Dawley rat?
General purpose model used in a wide range of research areas including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and toxicology studies
## Footnote
First used in 1925.
100
What special management consideration is required for Wistar rats?
Susceptible to spontaneous tumors and requires environmental enrichment
## Footnote
First used in 1906.
101
What are the characteristics of the Zucker mutant rat?
* Studies on diet and obesity
* Exhibits obesity around 4 weeks of age
* Hyperlipemic and hypercholesterolemic
* Insulin-resistant
* Muscle atrophy
## Footnote
This rat model is significant for obesity research.
102
What is the significance of the C57BL/6 mouse in research?
Widely used in genetics, immunology, cancer research, and behavioral studies
## Footnote
Known as the Black-6 mouse, it has a fully sequenced genome.
103
What are the handling and restraint techniques for mice?
* Pick up by the tail (middle)
* Use tail wrap method for restraint
* Provide back support
* Avoid hyperextension
## Footnote
Proper handling is crucial to prevent injury to the mouse.
104
What is the common health issue in laboratory rats?
Respiratory disease
## Footnote
Other health concerns include tumors and parasites.
105
What is the average cost of a CD-1 mouse used in research?
$5
## Footnote
Specialty versions can cost up to $400 each.
106
What is the role of the IACUC?
Serve as a liaison with regulatory and accrediting organizations and ensure compliance with federal laws
## Footnote
IACUC stands for Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
107
What should be included in the animal acquisition process?
* Bred in the laboratory
* Acquired from licensed dealers
* Field collections
## Footnote
Wild animals should be trapped humanely and in compliance with regulations.
108
What is the primary focus of the class mentioned?
Companion and laboratory animal management
## Footnote
Focuses on the care of companion and laboratory animals, integrating science and practical application.
109
What types of animals are commonly used in laboratory research?
Rats and mice
## Footnote
These species dominate the laboratory animal world due to their manageable size and reproductive rates.
110
What percentage of veterinarians do not practice veterinary medicine?
60%
## Footnote
Many veterinarians engage in research, teaching, or other roles outside of clinical practice.
111
Fill in the blank: The USDA requires reporting for three types of animals, which does not include _______.
Chicks
## Footnote
Chicks can be used in large numbers without specific reporting requirements.
112
What is a significant issue faced by researchers using laboratory animals?
Animal welfare and ethical considerations
## Footnote
There are ongoing debates regarding the use of certain species in research due to ethical concerns.
113
True or False: All laboratory animals must be purposefully bred for research.
True
## Footnote
Most research and development focus on purposefully bred animals to ensure consistency and reliability in results.
114
What is one of the major challenges in animal research mentioned?
Diseases that can affect experimental outcomes
## Footnote
Issues such as environmental stress or disease can compromise the validity of research results.
115
What degree is typically required for a career in laboratory animal management?
Two-year degree
## Footnote
Some positions may require a higher education level, but a two-year degree can suffice for entry-level roles.
116
Fill in the blank: A key aspect of animal husbandry is _______.
Nutrition
## Footnote
Proper nutrition is essential for the health and welfare of laboratory animals.
117
What type of research has been discontinued due to ethical concerns?
Research involving primates
## Footnote
The use of primates in research has faced significant scrutiny and opposition.
118
What is a common reason for choosing specific animal models in research?
Physiological similarities to humans
## Footnote
Animal models are chosen based on how closely they mimic human biology to ensure relevant research outcomes.
119
What is the role of the American College of Animal Medicine?
Recognizes and certifies specialists in animal medicine
## Footnote
Provides education and certification for professionals in the field.
120
Fill in the blank: Animal research often requires consideration of _______ for experimental success.
Cost-effectiveness
## Footnote
The financial feasibility of using certain species or conducting specific research is often a critical consideration.
121
What type of animal is commonly used in cancer research?
Mice
## Footnote
Mice are frequently used due to their genetic similarities to humans and their rapid reproduction.
122
True or False: All research animals are bred specifically for laboratory use.
False
## Footnote
Some research animals may come from shelters or other sources not specifically bred for research.
123
What is a potential issue when using genetically modified animals in research?
Unintended genetic changes
## Footnote
Genetic modifications can lead to unexpected traits that may affect research outcomes.
124
Fill in the blank: The use of _______ in research has raised ethical concerns and faced public opposition.
Dogs
## Footnote
The use of dogs in research has been controversial due to their status as companion animals.
125
What is the significance of environmental control in laboratory animal management?
Maintains animal health and research integrity
## Footnote
Proper environmental conditions are crucial to prevent stress and disease in laboratory animals.
126
What is the Fisher rat primarily used for?
It is primarily used in research, especially in Portland.
127
Why is it important to control the environment when conducting animal research?
To ensure validity and reliability of study results, as conditions like temperature and light cycles can affect outcomes.
128
What are some common issues faced in animal research?
* Handling injuries
* Environmental stressors
* Obesity in confined spaces
129
What is a key characteristic of the 'plastic mouse' used in research?
It is adaptable and commonly used due to its genetic uniformity.
130
Fill in the blank: The primary research focus of the discussed study was _______.
[cancer research]
131
True or False: The immune system can be used to treat cancer rather than solely relying on chemotherapy.
True
132
What is a significant concern regarding the handling of laboratory animals?
Proper handling techniques are crucial to avoid injury to both the animals and the handlers.
133
What is the impact of obesity on animal models used in research?
Obesity can alter metabolic signals and affect the outcomes of studies.
134
What are some methods used to improve the accuracy of animal research?
* Genetic knockout models
* Environmental control
* Standardized handling protocols
135
What is one reason why researchers prefer certain mouse strains?
They have well-documented genetic backgrounds which aid in replicating results.
136
Fill in the blank: The process of eliminating a specific gene in research animals is called _______.
[knockout]
137
What is a common mistake made when injecting substances into laboratory animals?
Not properly restraining the animal, leading to accidental injury.
138
What is the significance of sequencing the DNA of model organisms?
It allows researchers to understand gene function and disease mechanisms.
139
What role does the environment play in the lifespan of laboratory animals?
Animals often live longer in controlled environments than in natural settings.
140
What is the relationship between genetic predisposition and diseases like heart disease?
Genetic factors can significantly influence the risk of developing conditions like heart disease.
141
True or False: Handling animals improperly can lead to significant injuries for the handler.
True
142
What is the significance of the Charles River company in the context of animal research?
They provide a vast array of laboratory animal models for research.
143
What is the primary ethical concern when conducting research on animals?
Ensuring humane treatment and minimizing suffering.
144
What is one of the main challenges in translating animal research findings to human applications?
Variability in biological responses between species.
145
Fill in the blank: Effective cancer treatment strategies are increasingly focusing on _______ rather than just traditional therapies.
[immunotherapy]
146
What should you ensure when handling an animal?
That it is restrained and you have experience
## Footnote
Handling animals requires knowledge of their behavior and proper techniques to avoid injury to both the handler and the animal.
147
What happened when a rabbit was not held correctly?
It kicked and caused injury due to improper handling
## Footnote
Improper handling of animals can lead to accidents and injuries.
148
What can happen if you grab an animal by the tail?
The skin can come off
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of using appropriate methods for handling different animals.
149
What is the 'tail Ram method' mentioned in the text?
A technique for handling animals effectively
## Footnote
Specific techniques may vary by animal species and require practice.
150
True or False: You can learn to handle larger animals with practice.
True
## Footnote
Gaining experience is crucial for safely handling larger or more challenging animals.
151
What should you do before handling an animal?
Know how to handle the specific animal
## Footnote
Understanding an animal's behavior and needs is essential for safe interaction.
152
Fill in the blank: When handling animals, make sure to have _______.
experience
## Footnote
Experience helps in understanding animal behavior and safe handling practices.
153
What is an important consideration when transporting animals?
Use appropriate cages and methods
## Footnote
Proper transport prevents injury and stress for the animal.
154
What is a risk of handling animals without proper knowledge?
Injury to both the handler and the animal
## Footnote
Safety is a primary concern when dealing with live animals.
155
