exam 2: avian Flashcards

Question

Beak

Answer 1

thickened stratum corneum (calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite) continuously worn but supplied by constant growth from the germinal epithelium, analogous to horse's hoof

Answer 2

contain specialized herbst's corpuscles for recognition of food, very prominent in the dabbling waterfowl

Answer 3

the largest cutaneous gland in birds, dorsal tail base, bilobed, holocrine secretes oily substance that is spread over feathers (for waterproofing, antimicrobials, and maintaining proper feather pliability)

Answer 4

Flight, insulation, waterproofing, and display

Answer 5

found in the wings (reminges) and tail (rectrices)

Answer 6

flight feathers covering the wings

Answer 7

flight feathers covering the tail

Answer 8

the feathers forming the bird's outer body covering, including the flight feathers and the overlapping body feathers that produce the bird's smooth aerodynamic shape.

Answer 9

feather loss and renewal Continuous in psittacines, seasonal in most other orders New growth=pin or blood feather Controlled by thyroid, photoperiod, and other factors

Answer 10

new feather growth, vascular and nervous bundle in rachis, painful and prone to hemorrhage if broken

Answer 11

light weight bones variable pneumatized (air-filled), connected to the respiratory system fused skull with no suture lines variable number of cervical vertebrae (some up to 35) flattened ribs and keeled sternum for pectoral muscle attachment Numerous fused and renamed bones

Answer 12

1) Tarsometatarsus (fused tarsus and metatarsus) 2) Tibiotarsus (tibia and proximal tarsal bones) 3) Pygostyle= fused last few caudal vertebrae 4) Pevlic girdle: some lumbar, caudal, ileum, ischium, and pubis (Ridge is synsacrum-lumbar vert, sacrum, and pelvis) 5) Spinal column: ridged back 6) Keeled sternum: only flight birds 7) Furcula: fused clavicles (wish bone)] 8) Carpometacarpus 9) only three digits on manus

Answer 13

the ridge on the pelvic girdle of avians from fused vertebrae (primarily lumbar)

Answer 14

furcula, coracoids, scapula articulations, forms the triosseal canal strong and prevent chest collapse during flight and allow for flight muscle attachments

Answer 15

7 ribs that each have this projections, strength to the body wall

Answer 16

1) Supracoracoid- upstroak 2) Pectoralis - downstroak 3) Back bones 4) Brachium muscles 5) antebrachium muscles

Answer 17

Humerus, shows up black in radiographs (specifically on Psittacines, some species have more bones that are pneumatized)

Answer 18

include tibia, femur, pubic bones, ribs, ulna, toes and scapula. Act as an important source of calcium when eggs are laying eggs. Hen mobilizes calcium from her bones.

Answer 19

important in birds for respiration. Hollow bones which are connected to the respiratory system and make them able to breath. Include the skill, humerus, clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, and the lumbar and sacral vertebrae

Answer 20

they shatter like glass, very sharp because of spicules. blow into pieces when fractured

Answer 21

the foramen formed between the articulation of the furcula, scapula, and coracoids the tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle passes through this fossa for attachment to the dorsal part of the humerus, responsible for the upstroke of the wing

Answer 22

functions to prevent the chest from collapsing when the bird flaps its wings. common fracture when birds hit the window fractures are hard to diagnose because they are buried in the pectoral muscles

Answer 23

uric acid is the end product of their nitrogen metabolism

Answer 24

paired kidneys recessed in the renal fossa of synsacrum trilobed- anterior, middle, posterior, external iliac separates anterior and middle ischiadic artery separates middle and posterior Middle lobe indistinct in passerines -no distinct renal pelvis -renal lobule is pear shaped, perilobular collecting tubules empty into medullary collecting ducts and collecting ducts coalesce to form the ureters of the bird

Answer 25

They course through the renal parenchyma -if the kidney gets enlarged, can lead to lameness signs

Answer 26

uric acid is the major end product of nitrogen metabolism in birds *lack carbamyl phosphate synthesae so cant synthesize urea -synthesized in the liver 90% actively secreted via the proximal tubules and 10% is filtered via the glomeruli *Not dependent on GFR for the clearance of nitrogenous waste

Answer 27

Birds have Z and W sex chromosomes Males are Homgametic: ZZ Females are heterogametic: ZW *Females are the determiners of sex

Answer 28

parrots strong, curved beak, upright stance with strong legs

Answer 29

4 digits, two in the front and two in the back. digit one is short and in back left

Answer 30

DNA sexing is the preferred choice, where feather,blood is used . you can also look at the colors over the beak and coat but less reliable

Answer 31

a psittacine where males are green and females are red

Answer 32

a psittacine where males have bright cheek patches and females have spotted wings/tails

Answer 33

a psittacine where males have blue cere and females have a grey pink brown cere

Answer 34

12/12 hours light and dark. the dark needs to be quiet and dark

Answer 35

Keep their cage high and at eye level, away from drafts and flammable objects, near windows for light and entertainments (avoid kitchen, basement, front door and rooms with fireplace) ensure it is strong and covered in a non-toxic lining (powder coated, stailness steel) size should be 1.5 to 2.5 times their wingspan and tall is good , appropriate bar spacing for them (enough to keep the bird in, and not enough to entrap toes, wings, head and beak Substrate that is easy to clean (Newspaper, paper towels), avoid corn cob, wood chips (risk for fungus and ingestion) Accessories: perches (no sandpaper, bowls, nests, harnesses, beware string

Answer 36

teflon, lead, and zinc

Answer 37

70% pellets 20% veggies 10% fruits Nuts/seeds 5% *Budgies and cockatiels- more seeds are likely okay, lories and lorikeets are nectarivores *seeds can lead to obesity, fatty live disease and vitamin/mineral deficiencies (Low in calcium and vitamins)

Answer 38

they might perceives touching of certain areas as sexual which can lead to behavioral problems such as regurgitation and attacking others. only touch head

Answer 39

Mareck's, Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease

Answer 40

Protected coop with roosts (perches) and nest boxes shelter from elements food and water sources outdoor run and pasture space (protected/fenced ideal, free range risks of predation and exposire

Answer 41

ducks coops require floor level hiding spots and nests boxes, *do not perch high* require pool, pond, or other water sources for bathing More prone to foot disease Ducks are more readily predated, poor fliers, slow moving

Answer 42

soft or with give, variety is essential dirt, sand, or a sand+dirt mix shavings hay/straw must be kept dry pea gravel, grass or pasture multilayered

Answer 43

bury fencing, solid barrier at the base of the enclosure (wood, metal sliding), solid walls in roosting and nesting areas, raised food dispensers, food dispensers with small openings to minimize scatter

Answer 44

Bumblefoot, poor footing caused by wet/moist, hard/packed dirt, abrasive, lack of variety Contributing factors are obsesity, sedentary, overcrowding and illness

Answer 45

sour crop ingestion of foreigh material (Hay, straw, insect exoskeletons, fresh grass wads) Secondary to other systemic disease (Reproductive disease causing decreased GI motility) Parasitic disease (Bacterial overgrowth and coccidia)

Answer 46

Dystocia- egg binding Abnormal egg production (commonly due to nutritional or infectious disease causes) Reproductive neoplasia (age related vs viral induced) Broody chickens: hens that reguse to leave the nestbox until they raise chicks, will not eat and drink

Answer 47

1) Orthopedic diseases: slipped tendons, bony malformation, scoliosis/kyphosis 2) Infectious disease (E coli, nectrotic enteritis, omphaltitis, salmonella pullorum)

Answer 48

the smallest and most common NA falcon can see UV light to help track rodent urine trails (Rodent eater) sexuallly dimorphic- females are bigger than males

Answer 49

likes to eat other birds, but will consume a variety of prey items fastest animal on earth , urban birds

Answer 50

the largest eagle, prefers to eat mammals, feather down to the feet can be golden and brown beak color that is light and dark often mistaken as a bald eagle

Answer 51

second largest bird of prey in NA not just fish eaters, eat from landfills and carion, matched pairs add to their nest each breeding year, make large nests hoosted when adults

Answer 52

the smallest NA accipiter, eats birds, very urban similar to the coopers hawk but is smaller mroe secretive birds that live deep in wood areas

Answer 53

larger than the sharp skinned hawk, juvenile males often difficult to distinguish from large female SSHa long tail to help maneuver betware of foot problems in captivity (Bumble foot)

Answer 54

very vocal and notoriously stubborn, diet consists of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals scream a lot in captivity

Answer 55

typical red tail occurs dueing the birds second year, diet mostly of mammals but also medium sized birds and reptiles, raspy cry that is used in movies to portray any bird of prey

Answer 56

declining numbers due to habitat loss, excellent rodent control, sexual dimoprhic, eerie vocalization/shrieking

Answer 57

diet consist of amphibians, reptiles birds, and mammals impressive vocal repetoire, very pretty

Answer 58

regularly eats skunks or anything it can catch with its big talons males have deeper voices than females, despite females being larger

Answer 59

eat carrion red head when adult, grey when juvenille urinate on their hind limbs (cooling purposes, acidic so may serve to kill bacteria remaining from the bird's memal

Answer 60

a fish eating specialist (99% of their diet) Barbed pads on the feet and a reversible fourth digit for grabbing fish, found near large bodies of water

Answer 61

hospital cages and dog crates okay but make sure to screen with towels covering the front to limit stimulation, allow natural light for feeding not common to have water while indoors Perches that are appropiate material (astroturf) to reduce pododermatitis

Answer 62

release requires endurance, maneuvering skills and ability to gain altitude excercise at optimal level for 7 days prior to release After attaining 4 days of optimal exercise level, start on mouse school

Answer 63

1) Body condition score 2) severity of injury 3) seasonal variations 4) sex differences

Answer 64

open flying without a flight pen, use to train the bird to get enough endurance and strength

Answer 65

done so they can prove they can catch prey before release, for raptors that might have been injured (test after hospitalization) or orphaned (have never seen live food before) to pass: needs to kill half or more mice offered over consecutive nights : adults 3-5 nights, juveniles 6-8 nights

Answer 66

1) initial illness or injury resolved with no risk of recurrence (all secondary problems have been resolved) 2) It is not likely to spread pathogens or contribute to disease processes in any way 3) can effectively avoid predators 4) able to find food by foraging or hunting in the wild 5) Can function reasonably within the population and can reproduce (not imprinted on humans, etc)

Answer 67

1) migration periods 2) owls need to be silent when they fly 3) body condition 4) flight conditionint 5) hunting capabilities 6) visual capacity

Answer 68

"song bird/house sparrows" passer domesticus largest avian order, representing more than half of all species extremely high basal metabolic rate (108F), small crop, muscular ventriculus for seed digestion, rudimentary ceca

Answer 69

Anisodactyl (digit 1: backward, digits 2-4 are forward)

Answer 70

Passerines

Answer 71

you need to flush each nares separately in clinics

Answer 72

7- fused cranial thoracic and clavicular

Answer 73

Passerines

Answer 74

-Vitamins A,D,E,K, methionine Poor Ca:P ratio Poor quality protein and high in fat B vitamin (birds dont eat the hulls)

Answer 75

a supplement to the seed diet very important in breeders moistened food offered daily with seed contain fat soluble vitamins and 16-18% protein

Answer 76

should encoruage flight, multiple, variable sized and textured perches Nest boxes, (will reproduce if present) water bath offered 3-5 times per week

Answer 77

shortens their lifespan

Answer 78

Pigeons and doves primarily granivorous anisodactyl agile in flight

Answer 79

-Short bills and legs -Fleshly cere -Lack gall bladder -Produce crop milk to feed hatching for 1st milk (secretions from and sloughed cellular lining of crop, extremely high in protein and fat with antioxidants and IgA, controlled by prolactin)

Answer 80

done in pigeon racing husbandry individual bird is less important than the flock, individual may be monetarily valuable, goal of management is to create and overal healthy flock, maximizes performance and profit

Answer 81

sport that necessitates contact between birds from many different lofts, thousands of birds intermingles at release site every week may intermingle with wild birds, impossible to prevent infectious disease

Answer 82

determined by genetics of parents, selection often based upon performance, neglecting other considerations including disease resistance

Answer 83

specialized for flight and are characterized by uniform windproof surfaces, or vanes, on either side. "feathers are asymmetric with a shorter, less flexible leading edge that prevents midair twisting)

Answer 84

arranged in a fan shape that support precision steering in flight. typically have 6 pairs of feathers on the tail

Answer 85

what covers the birds body and streamlining its shape, arranged in overlapping pattern like shingles, waterproof tips are exposed to elements and fluffy bases are tucked close to the body create a smoothing region where flight feathers attach to the bone cover the whole body

Answer 86

mostly hidden beanath other feathers on the body, have a developed central rachis but not hooks on the barbules, creating a fluffy insulating structure

Answer 87

similar to semiplimes with an even looser branching struccture but little or no central rachis trap heat not all have this, same function as semiplune

Answer 88

short simple feathers with a few barbs, function like mammal whiskers to sense the position of contour feathears

Answer 89

the simplest feathers, with a stiff rachis that usualyl lacks barb, most commonly found on the head, protect bird's eyes and face

Answer 90

newly growing feather that can break stop the bleeding, pinch off end, pull out the blood feather a bird wont bleed to death from it but they flap wings and blood goes everywhere grown feathers have their blood supply and innervation involuted flight feathers attached to periosteum, very painful when you are pulling it out, block with lidocaine

Answer 91

attached to bone, distal to the carpus (carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges)- typically 9

Answer 92

attached to bone, the radius and ulna (primarily the ulna) 1-13

Answer 93

attached to bone, the humerus 1-8 (roughly)