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BIO 370 > Exam 2 BIO 370 > Flashcards

Exam 2 BIO 370 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

What are pleurotremate elasmobranchs?

A

Sharks

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2
Q

What class are sharks in?

A

Chondrichthyes

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3
Q

What subclass are sharks, skates, and rays in?

A

Elasmobranchi

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4
Q

What does elasmobranchi mean?

A

multiple/many gills

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5
Q

What subclass includes ratfish/rabbitfish/chimaera?

A

Holocephali

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6
Q

What does holocephali mean?

A

whole head

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7
Q

What are the orders of sharks?

A

Squalomorpha and Galeomorpha

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8
Q

What sharks are in order Squalomorpha?

A

dogfish, basking sharks

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of order squalomorpha?

A

well developed spiracle
no anal fin
small brain
cold/deep water dwelling

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10
Q

What sharks are in order Galeomorpha?

A

whale shark, great white, hammerhead, nurse shark

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11
Q

what are some characteristics of order Galeomorpha?

A

Shallow/warm water dwelling
no spiracle
well-developed anal fin
some planktivores

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12
Q

What are some synapomorphies of extant sharks?

A 
cartilaginous, flexible skeleton
placoid scales
lateral line
ampullae of lorenzini
rostrum
tapetum lucidum
"injure and sense" predation
cranial kinesis
internal fertilization
small, internally cared for young
group aggregation
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13
Q

What are hypotremate elasmobranchs?

A

Skates and rays

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14
Q

Wat order are skates and rays in?

A

Batoidea

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15
Q

What are some synapomorphies of skates and rays?

A

lack placoid scales
bury in sand
some give off electrical charges

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of order Batoidea?

A

dorsoventrally flattened
tail
expansive ampullae of lorenzini
massive pectoral fins

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17
Q

What are the key differences between skates and rays?

A 
tail width (thick in skates, thin in rays)
method of reproduction (skates-oviparous, rays-viviporous)
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18
Q

What order includes ratfish/rabbitfish/chimaera?

A

Chimaeriformes

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of Chimaeriformes?

A

small
benthic
eat invertebrates (shrimp, mollusks, sea urchins)
ascend to shallow water to lay eggs

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20
Q

What are the classes of bony fish?

A

Osteichthyes (Actinopterygii)
Actinista
Dipnoi

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21
Q

Which classes represent lobe finned fishes?

A

Actinista

Dipnoi

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22
Q

What are the key synapomorphies of bony fish?

A 
presence of endochondral bone (internal skeleton)
Chondrocranial fissure (flexible head movement)
bone in fin webs (powerful movement)
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23
Q

What was the first group of actinopterygians?

A

paleoniscoids

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of paleoniscoids?

A 
small
outer scales made of ganoine 
single dorsal fin
bony fin supports
extinguished in cretaceous
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25
What is ganoine derived from?
enamel
26
What is cosmine derived from?
dentine
27
What are the characteristics of lobe finned fishes
``` large outer scales made of cosmine two dorsal fins bony fins lobe fin supports (floppier fins) massive jaw muscles extant ```
28
lobe finned fishes are recognized as...
transitional tetrapods
29
What is estivation?
similar to hibernation but driven by drying
30
What is paedomorphisis?
retention of juvenile characteristics
31
Which class of bony fish is the closest living relative of land vertebrates?
Dipnoi
32
What species are members of class dipnoi?
lungfish
33
What species are members of class actinista?
coelecanths
34
What are synapomorphies of osteichthyes?
``` large forebrain (except in mormyridae; large hindbrain) everted cerebral hemispheres loss of dermal armor reduced bony fin rays protrusible jaw (suction feeding) pharyngeal teeth (secondary jaws) diversity of fins ```
35
Which subclass represents ancestral ray-finned fishes?
Chondrostei
36
What orders are in Chondrostei?
Polypteriformes | Acipenseriformes
37
What are the characteristics of polypteriformes?
ganoine scales (symplesiomorphic with paleoniscoids) slow moving flag like dorsal fin freshwater carnivores well ossified skeleton (autapomorphic among fishes)
38
What are the characteristics of Acipenseriformes
large benthic breed in freshwater threatened by human exploitation (caviar)
39
What subclass represents derived, speciose, ray-finned fishes?
Neopterygi
40
What orders are in Neopterygi?
Lepisosteriformes | Amiiformes
41
What is the an infraclass of Neopterygi?
Teleostei
42
What species is in amiiformes?
Amia calva (bowfin)
43
What are gars?
lepisosteriformes
44
What are the characteristics of lepisosteriformes?
``` North American Warm fresh/brackish water elongate body, jaws, & teeth interlocking multilayered scales fast well camouflaged ```
45
What are the characteristics of Amiiformes
North American warm fresh/brackish water thin scales single layer of bone
46
What are the superorders in infraclass Teleostei?
Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha Clupemorpha Euteleostei
47
What are the characteristics of Osteoglossomorpha?
``` tropical fresh water predatory bony tongues Mormyrid electric fish (from Africa) ```
48
What are the characteristics of Elopomorpha?
mostly marine leptocephalous larvae larvae mature in freshwater migrate to sea to spawn and die
49
What are the characteristics of Clupeomorpha?
planktivorous gill straining schooling behavior Silvery (reflective for locating others)
50
What fish are in Clupeomorpha?
herrings, sardines, anchovies
51
What are the characteristics of Euteleostei?
``` mobile jaw lightweight fins pharyngeal teeth Weberian apparatus (sound detection) darting movements ```
52
What is an order within Euteleostei?
Perciformes
53
What are some examples of Perciformes?
bass, perch, cichlid, barracuda, tuna, reef fish
54
What are some examples of Euteleostei?
carp, minnow, catfish, piranhas, pike, guppy
55
What are the types of undulating locomotion?
Anguilliform Carangiform Ostraciiform
56
Which type of locomotion is the slowest?
Anguilliform
57
Which type of locomotion is the fastest?
Ostraciiform
58
What type of locomotion involves undulation of half or more of the posterior?
Anguilliform
59
What type of locomotion involves some undulation of the caudal body region?
Carangiform
60
What type of locomotion involves undulation of only the caudal fin?
Ostraciiform
61
What were some challenges of living in air/on land?
``` gravity viscosity oxygen water temperature energy ```
62
What are 3 sarcopterygian fish taxa from the late devonian?
Porolepiformes Osteolepiformes Elpistostegidae
63
What are the characteristics of Porolepiformes?
shallow marine/brackish water scaled predatory internal gills
64
What are the characteristics of Osteolepiformes?
``` long slender scaled "fish with legs" pectoral fins connected to chain of bones leading to shoulder girdle ```
65
What are the characteristics of Elpistostegidae?
reduced ventral fins and tail lungs and gills nearest relative to tetrapods
66
what is an example of elpistostegidae?
tiktaalik
67
What were some of the earliest tetrapods?
Ichthyostega | Acanthostega
68
What are the characteristics of early tetrapods
Aquatic lifestyle lungs and internal gills limbs polydactyly (7 in ichthy, 8 in Acantho)
69
What were some advantages of limbs in aquatic environments?
Prop up body for air breathing in shallow water | land contact to avoid predation and find food
70
What are some examples of other devonian tetrapods?
``` stem tetrapods Crassygyrinidae Colosteids & Baphetids Temnospondyls Lepospondyls ```
71
What is the most recent common ancestor to modern amphibians?
Temnospondyls
72
What class are frogs, salamanders, and caecilians in?
Amphibia
73
What are synapomorphies of class Amphibia
Soft permeable skin with mucus (moisture) Papilla amphibiorum (sensory cells sensitive to low frequencies) operculum-columella complex (channel sound to inner ear) pedicellate teeth (dentine) green rods levator bulbi muscle (protrude eye out)
74
What are the characteristics of Amphibia
Carnivorous (adults) amphibious lifestyle (aquatic larvae; semi-terrestrial adults) Salamander like body form
75
What order do salamanders belong to?
Urodela
76
What are the characteristics of Urodela?
``` tetrapod gait no ribs (buccal pump forces air in) paedomorphosis (adults have lateral lines and gills) ```
77
What families of salamanders do we need to know?
``` Hynobiidae Cryptobranchidae Sirenidae Ambystomatidae Proteidae Amphiumidae Plethodontidae ```
78
What family of salamanders is most speciose?
Plethodontidae
79
What are the characteristics of Hynobiidae?
primitive no/reduced lungs external fertilizers remain pretty aquatic
80
What are the characteristics of Cryptobranchidae?
large paedomorphic no gills aquatic
81
What are the characteristics of Sirenidae?
Aquatic External gills no pelvic girdle or hind limbs
82
What are the characteristics of Ambystomatidae?
terrestrial adults | Aquatic larvae
83
What are the characteristics of Proteidae?
``` Large Paedomorphic aquatic external gills cave-living ```
84
What are the characteristics of Amphiumidae?
aquatic no gills very reduced limbs
85
What are the characteristics of Plethodontidae?
``` aquatic and terrestrial adults and larvae no lungs cutaneous respiration tongue projection target feeding ```
86
What order are frogs/toads in?
Anura
87
What are the characteristics of Anura?
``` short body long hindlimbs large pelvis no tail short forelimbs flexible pectoral girdle external fertilization (except Ascaphidae) Vocal sac in males ```
88
What families of frog/toad do we need to know?
``` Ascaphidae (tailed frog) Pipidae (clawed frogs) Bufonidae (true toads) Hylidae (tree frogs) Rhinodermatidae (Darwin's frogs) Dendrobatidae (Poison dart frogs) Ranidae (true frogs) ```
89
What are the characteristics of Ascaphidae?
``` most ancestral species intromittent organ North American Cold mountain streams tadpoles ```
90
What are the characteristics of Pipidae?
``` claws South American/African Some species have direct development no tongue lateral line ```
91
What are the characteristics of Bufonidae?
Cosmopolitan thick skin terrestrial adults no teeth
92
What are the characteristics of Hylidae?
Cosmopolitan claw shaped terminal phalanges (dig into mate) 1 species has only lower teeth (marsupial frog)
93
What are the characteristics of Rhinodermatidae?
South American terrestrial eggs males house tadpoles in vocal sacs
94
What are the characteristics of Dendrobatidae
Central and South American aposematic coloration males transport terrestrial eggs to water
95
What are the characteristics of Ranidae?
Cosmopolitan no ribs indirect development diverse in habitat and behaviors
96
What order contains caecilians?
Gymnophiona
97
What are some autapomorphies of Gymnophiona?
legless burrowing or aquatic some lack eyes (some can detect light) body encircled in annuli (scale like rings) Protrusible tentacles on face (detect chemicals) elongate embryonic gills

BIO 370 (2 decks)

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