Exam 4 BIO 370

Question 1

What are the two orders of dinosaurs?

Answer 1

Ornithischia

Saurischia

Question 2

Which order of dinosaurs contains the “bird-hipped” dinosaurs?

Answer 2

Ornithischia

Question 3

What order of dinosaurs are birds evolve from?

Answer 3

Saurischia

Question 4

What are some examples of Ornithischian dinosaurs?

Answer 4

Stegosaurus
Triceratops
duck-billed
Ankylosaurus

Question 5

What are the suborders of order Saurischia?

Answer 5

Sauropodomorpha (Sauropods)

Theropodomorpha (theropods)

Question 6

Which suborder of Saurischia is more ancient?

Answer 6

Sauropodomorpha

Question 7

Which order of dinosaurs contains the “lizard-hipped” dinosaurs?

Answer 7

Saurischia

Question 8

Examples of sauropods?

Answer 8

Brachiosaurus

Question 9

examples of theropods?

Answer 9

T-Rex

Velociraptor

Question 10

What are the synapomorphies of birds?

Answer 10

elongate, mobile S-shaped neck
tridactyl feet
digitigrade posture (walk on toes)
Intertarsal ankle joints
Pneumatic bones (air-filled)
Furcula (fused clavicles)
Fused sternum

Question 11

What traits are evident in dromeosaurian fossils?

Answer 11

rotatable wrist joints
shoulder joint extension
at least 5 lineages with feather like structures

Question 12

What are the two theories of flight?

Answer 12

top-down (arboreal)

bottom-up (terrestrial)

Question 13

Extant birds are believed to have originated in…

Answer 13

the cretaceous

Question 14

What are the conserved features of birds?

Answer 14

feathers
oviparity
endothermy
flight
bipedalism
beak
small size

Question 15

What are some of the variable characteristics among birds?

Answer 15

feather morphology
nesting habits
environment selection
locomotory speed/lift
foraging mode
body size (2g-150kg)

Question 16

What are plumbaceous feathers for?

Answer 16

insulation

Question 17

what are the main parts of feathers?

Answer 17

calamus
rachis
vane (contains barbs & barbules)

Question 18

What muscle powers the upstroke of birds?

Answer 18

supracoracoideus

Question 19

What muscle powers the downstroke of birds?

Answer 19

pectoralis major

Question 20

What are some adaptations made to lighten birds for flight?

Answer 20

hollow bones
feathers
no bladder
1 ovary

Question 21

What protein is used to bind oxygen in the aerobic muscles of birds?

Answer 21

myoglobin

Question 22

what is zygodactyly?

Answer 22

foot with four evenly spaced digits, used for vertical climbing

Question 23

Where does chemical digestion occur in birds?

Answer 23

proventriculus

Question 24

Where does mechanical digestion occur in birds?

Answer 24

gizzard

Question 25

Where do birds store food?

Answer 25

crop

Question 26

Birds with short/thin beaks would be expected to eat...

Answer 26

insects

Question 27

Birds with heavy, hooked beaks would be expected to eat...

Answer 27

vertebrates

Question 28

Birds with long, filtering beaks would be expected to eat...

Answer 28

plankton

Question 29

Birds with short, stout, sometimes curved beaks would be expected to eat...

Answer 29

seeds

Question 30

How do birds mate?

Answer 30

cloacal kiss (very fast)

Question 31

Birds that hatch mature are called?

Answer 31

precocial

Question 32

What are birds that hatch immature/naked called?

Answer 32

altricial

Question 33

What are the infraclasses of Aves?

Answer 33

Paleognathae | Neognathae

Question 34

What are some examples of paleognathae?

Answer 34

``` ostrich emu rhea cassowary kiwi tinamous ```

Question 35

What are the superorders of Neognathae?

Answer 35

Galloanserae | Neoaves

Question 36

What orders make up galloanserae?

Answer 36

Galliformes | Anseriformes

Question 37

What are some examples of Galliformes?

Answer 37

Chickens Quail Partridge Pheasant

Question 38

What are some examples of Anseriformes?

Answer 38

Ducks | other water fowl

Question 39

What is the difference between Paleognathans and Neognathans?

Answer 39

paleognathans have a single fused vomer, while neognathans have a bifurcated vomer.

Question 40

What are the orders of Neoaves?

Answer 40

Sphenisciformes (penguins) Ciconiiformes (Wading birds; heron stork) Falconiformes (raptorial birds; diurnal birds of prey) Strigiformes (Owls; nocturnal birds of prey) Charadriformes (shorebirds; gulls/terns) Psittaciformes (parrots) Piciformes (Woodpeckers) Passeriformes (Songbirds/perching birds)

Question 41

What is the most speciose order of birds?

Answer 41

Passeriformes

Question 42

When did synapsids first appear?

Answer 42

late carboniferous

Question 43

What is the ancient group of synapsids?

Answer 43

Pelycosaurs

Question 44

What is the more derived group of older synapsids?

Answer 44

Therapsids

Question 45

what gave rise to modern mammals

Answer 45

cynodonts

Question 46

How did synapsids increase the variety of their diet and increase jaw musculature?

Answer 46

larger temporal fenestra

Question 47

How did synapsids make room for the masseter?

Answer 47

angled lower temporal bar

Question 48

How did synapsids support their teeth?

Answer 48

thickened denture bone

Question 49

what type of teeth do synapsids have?

Answer 49

heterodont (specialized in form/function)

Question 50

What type of posture do synapsids have

Answer 50

upright

Question 51

What does a harderian gland do?

Answer 51

contains an oily substance that can be preened into hair or fur.

Question 52

When were the origins of the first mammals?

Answer 52

Jurassic

Question 53

What are the synapomorphies of mammalia?

Answer 53

``` lactation with mammary glands bone epiphyses skull lumbar vertebrae free, attached to epaxial muscles hair sebaceous glands apocrine and eccrine glands keratinized digit/forehead appendages adipose tissue serving as endocrine gland red blood cells lacking nuclei diaphragm ```

Question 54

What are the subclasses of mammalia?

Answer 54

Allotheria Prototheria Theria

Question 55

What are the infraclasses of Theria?

Answer 55

Metatheria | Eutheria

Question 56

What is the order of prototherians?

Answer 56

Monotremata

Question 57

What are some examples of monotremes

Answer 57

platypus | echidna

Question 58

What are some characteristics of monotremes?

Answer 58

``` lack nipples lack pinnae lack teeth as adults leathery beak beak is electromagnetically sensitive male platypuses are venomous ```