Exam 2 Blueprint Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary ethical responsibility for nurses?
A
Respect for people
2
Q
What are Kohlburg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning?
A
Preconventional(1), Conventional(2), Postconventional(3)
3
Q
Preconventional Stage
A
Moral reasoning is based on own perspective & is self-centered & responds to punishment
4
Q
Conventional Stage
A
Moral decisions conform to expectations set by family, a group, or society. Most adolescents and adults function at this stage
5
Q
Postconventional Stage
A
Ability to define his/her own moral values. Not all people reach this stage
6
Q
What is the belief associated with Kohlburg’s stages?
A
Education, conflict, shared responsibility, & participating in decision making promotes the progression of moral reasoning.
7
Q
What are Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Reasoning?
A
- Orientation to individual survival
- Focus on goodness w/ recognition of self-sacrifice
- Morality of caring & being responsible for others, as well as self
8
Q
What is the belief associated w/ Gilligan’s Stages?
A
Women have a different sense of moral reasoning than men. Women are more focused on care; men are more focused on justice.
9
Q
Autonomy
A
Individuals have the right & freedom to make their own decisions
10
Q
Beneficence
A
-Promoting good & avoiding harm
-May be in conflict w/ what a pt. wants & can cause conflict w/ autonomy
11
Q
Nonmaleficence
A
-Duty to do no harm
-Foundations of the Hippocratic oath & Code of Ethics for Nurses
-Must not act in manner to intentionally harm a patient
12
Q
Justice
A
That everyone w/ the same diagnosis receive the same lvl of care
13
Q
Fidelity
A
Honoring one’s commitments or promises
14
Q
Veracity
A
Telling the truth, or not lying
15
Q
What is the ethical decision making model?
A
- Clarify the ethical dilemma
- Gather additional data
- identify options
- make a decision
- act
- evaluate
16
Q
Rights & responsibilities of nurses is related to what?
A
people, society, co-workers, & the profession
17
Q
System
A
“a set of interrelated parts that come together to form a whole that performs to function”
18
Q
Philosophy
A
Set of beliefs act the nature of how the world works
19
Q
Nursing philosophy
A
puts together concepts of the metaparadigm
20
Q
Holistic nursing care nourishes what?
A
the whole person(body, mind, & spirit)
21
Q
Nursing is an (blank) system
A
Open system
22
Q
Nursing is the provision of (blank)
A
health care services
23
Q
Nursing involves (blank) w/ pts. & their families
A
Collaborating
24
Q
Nursing is integrally (blank)
A
integrally involved w/ people
25
Nursing Care is (blank) of diagnosis, individual differences, age, beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors
provided regardless
26
Nurses require (blank)
advanced knowledge & skills
27
Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, & warmth, as well as (blank)
comprehensive, individualized planning of care, to facilitate pts' growth toward wellness
28
Nursing links what?
theory & research
29
What was the focus of Nightingale's philosophy?
the relationship between the pt., environment, & health
30
Nightingale recognized the importance of what?
clean air, water, adequate ventilation, rest, sunlight, & proper nutrition
31
Nightingale encouraged the arrangement of beds how?
She recommended they be in direct sunlight
32
Henderson believed what to be the unique function of the nurse to be what?
to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery(or peaceful death)
33
Henderson demonstrated what?
the nurse's role changing on a day to day basis in relation to the changes in pt. needs
34
Orem's self care model focuses on what?
pt. self-care capacities & the process of designing nursing actions to meet the pt. self-care needs
35
According to Orem's model, the nurse prescribes & regulates the nursing system on the basis of what?
the pt.'s self-care deficit
36
Roy's adaptation model provides what?
a comprehensive understanding of nursing form the perspective of adaptation
37
When demands of environmental stimuli are too high or the person's adaptive mechanism are too low, what happens to the person's behavioral responses?
They are ineffective for coping
38
According to Roy's adaptation model, the nurse promotes what?
patient adaptation & coping
39
According to Roy's adaptation model, the nurse modifies what?
the environment to facilitate pt. adaptation
40
The nursing profession evolved from what?
applied vocation dependent on knowledge from the other disciplines to its current stage of development w/ its own knowledge base
41
Research
systemic investigation of phenomena r/t improving patient care
42
Research process
1. identification of a research problem
2. review of the literature
3. formulation of the research question or hypothesis
4. design of the study
5. implementation of the study
6. drawing conclusions based on findings
7. discussion & implications
8. dissemination
43
Qualitative research
exploration of human experience, described & interpreted by the researcher
44
Quantitative research
experimental designs driven by hypotheses measurable variables & outcomes, & statistical analysis
45
Evidence based practice
an approach to the delivery of healthcare that integrates the best evidence from studies & pt. care data w/ clinician expertise & pt. preferences & values
46
PICOT
P- population of interest
I- Intervention
C- Compassion
O- Outcome
T- time
47
What is the final step of EBP approach to problem resolution?
Disseminating the results & findings through presentations & papers
48
In nursing research study, what must occur to ensure data collection is valid?
Data collection tool must measure the concept its supposed to
49
What is the use of research as a nursing student?
learning art research, doing honors projects or assisting in laboratories
50
What is the use of research w/ a BSN?
identifies problems that can be studied; may do data collection for research studies
51
What is the use of research w/ a MSN?
replicates earlier research; beginning independent research
52
What is the use of research w/ a DNP?
connect research to practice; do research in collaboration w/ a PhD-prepared colleague
53
What is the use of research w/ a PhD?
generate & test theory; establishing independent research career w/ external funding
54
Clinical judgement
Make observations & draw conclusions about the patient’s needs or health problems & determine appropriate actions
55
Clinical judgement develops over time w/ what?
pt. contact
56
What are some opportunities to improve clinical judgement?
-Concept mapping
-reflective thinking
-Having discussions w/ colleagues
-Be inquisitive
-Be aware of personal basis
-Assess your own thinking style & problem-solving methods
57
Nursing Process
standard in which problems are addressed & solved
58
Nursing process steps
-Assessment
-analysis/identifying the problem
-planning
-implementation of planned interventions
-evaluation
59
Therapeutic Use of Self
use of personality & communication skills to help pt.
60
Therapeutic use of self helps develop what kind of relationship?
nurse-patient relationship
61
What are the 3 phases associated w/ therapeutic use of self?
Orientations phase, working phase, termination phase
62
Orientation phase
-establishes trust
-helps develop understanding of pt. problems & needs
63
Working phase
-Comfort is established between pt. & nurse
-Pt.’s may exhibit alternated periods of intense effort & periods of resistance to change
-Regression often precedes positive change
-Requires patience, self-awareness, maturity, active listening
64
Termination phase
-End relationship in therapeutic manner
-Begins w/ orientation phase
-Positive & negative feelings
-Positive feelings are often about gains made
-Negative feelings are often sadness, anger, & fear-loss
65
Criteria for successful communication
-feedback
-appropriateness
-efficiency
-flexibility
66
Collaboration
working jointly w/ other professionals (safety tool)
67
Communication tools that promote safety
-IPASS
-SBAR
-CHEACKBACK
-HANDOFFS
68
Guilt (impact of illness on pt.)
pt. May feel guilty about the illness, especially if the illness is associated w/ lifestyle
69
Anger (impact of illness on pt.)
common emotional responce, especially Anglo-American culture, when illness requires sacrifice or lifestyle changes
70
Anxiety (impact of illness on pt.)
-Mild produces increased alertness
-Moderate affects ability to concentrate
-Severe causes thoughts to become scattered
-Panic is when the person becomes completely disorganized & losses ability to differentiate reality & unreality
71
Impact of illness on family
-Disrupted functioning of the entire family
-Uncertainty about how to treat ill family member
-Anxiety, anger, guilt, depression at having to take over responsibilities of ill family member
-Withdrawal from family participation or ill family member
-Caregiver stress
72
What is caregiver stress?
common in families of pts. with prolonged, progessive illnesses
73
Symptoms of caregiver stress
denial, anger, social withdrawal, anxiety, depression, exhaustion, sleep disturbances, irritability, lack of concentration, & health problems
74
Stress
nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it(w/ environmental component)
75
internal stressor
Self & self perceptions
76
external stressor
environmental, such as noise, cold, malfunctioning equipment, bad behavior
77
interpersonal stressor
demands made by others; conflicts w/ others
78
physiologic response to stress
fatigue, muscular tension, increase in HR & respirations, insomnia or excessive sleeping, eating impairment
79
social & emotional response to stress
social isolation, distancing from others, hopelessness, perception of lack of control, irritability, impatience
80
cognitive responce to stress
interference in cognitive function, decreased mental capacity & problem-solving, difficult decisions
81
When coping is direct...
identify situations that can be changed & take responsibility for changing them
82
When coping is indirect....
reduce the affective (feelings) & physiologic disturbances resulting in stress
83
Cultural competence
Services that are respectful of and responsive to the health beliefs and practices and cultural and linguistic needs of diverse patient populations
84
What can the nurse experience when others' needs take too great of priority?
Compassion fatigue
85
Compassion fatigue
negative feelings in which one experiences loss of physical energy, burnout, accident proneness, emotional breakdowns, apathy, indifference, poor judgment, & disinterest in introspection
86
What should the nurse find in relation to self-care?
balance between caring for others & self-care
87
What is key to optimal health
Balance
