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A&P Lab > Exam 2: Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Exam 2: Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated ridges

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2
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow depressions

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3
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves

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4
Q

Neural cortex surface area of cerebrum

A

Includes gyri, sulci, & fissures

Folded surface increases surface area

Consists of gray matter

Also called cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest part of the brain

Coordinates repetitive body movements

Separated by vermis and covered by gray matter

MAJOR FXNS: (automatic processing center)

  1. Adjust the postural muscle of the body (maintains balance & equilibrium)
  2. Programs & fine tunes mvmnt (@ conscious & subconscious level)
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6
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located under cerebrum and cerebellum

Links cerebrum with brainstem

Three divisions:
left thalamus
right thalamus
hypothalamus

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7
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays and process a sensory information

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis i.e. temperature endocrine system
emotion
autonomic function

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9
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Major Endocrine gland

Connected to hypothalamus

Via infundibulum

Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems

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10
Q

The brainstem

A

Processes information between spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum

Includes:
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Also called midbrain

Processes vision, hearing and associated reflexes

Maintains conscious

Located superior of pons & contains corpora quadrigemina & cerebral peduncles

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12
Q

Pins

A

Connect cerebellum and brainstem

Is involved in somatic and visceral motor control

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13
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Connects brain to spinal cord

Relays info

Regulates autonomic fnxs:
Heart rate
blood pressure
Digestion

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14
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, circulates from ventricles to central canal into subarachnoid space

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15
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

Thin medial membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

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16
Q

Third ventricle

A

Ventricle of the diencephalon

Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle via intraventricular foreman

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17
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Connected with their ventricle via mesencephalic aqueduct

Extend into medulla oblongata

Continuous into the central canal of the spinal cord

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18
Q

Brain protection and support

A

Physical protection:
Bones of the cranium
Cranial meninges
CSF

Biochemical isolation:
Blood-brain barrier

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19
Q

Layers

A 
Skin
Periosteum
Bone
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
Cerebrum
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20
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Has 3 layers (dura, arachnoid, pia)

Continuous with spinal meninges

Protects the brain from cranial trauma

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21
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer fibrous layer:
Endosteal layer, fused to periosteum
Inner fibrous layer
Venous sinuses btwn both layers

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22
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Covers brain

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23
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Btwn arachnoid mater & pia mater

Filled with CSF

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24
Q

Pia mater

A

Attaches directly to brain by astrocytes

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25
Dural folds
Folded inner layer of dura mater Extended into cranial cavity Stabilize and support brain Contain collecting veins: Durval sinuses
26
Flax cerebri
Projections between the cerebral hemispheres Contains superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
27
Tentorium cerebelli
Separates cerebellum and cerebrum Contains transverse sinus
28
CSF
Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CSF Interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain 1. Cushions delicate neural structures 2. Supports brain 3. Transports nutrients, chem. msgsrs & waste products
29
Choroid plexus
Ependymal cells secrete CSF into ventricles; adjust composition of CSF
30
Circulation of CSF
Choroid plexus---> ventricles---> central canal---> subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord Removed via arachnoid granulations into venous sinus
31
Blood brain barrier
Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation Formed by network of tight jxns Btwn astrocytes cells of CNS capillaries Restrict permeability: lipid soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord
32
Blood CSF barrier
Formed by special ependymal cells Surrounding capillaries of choroid plexus
33
Selective & active transport
Across blood brain & blood CSF barriers: Limits mvmnt of compounds Allows chem. composition of blood & CSF to differ
34
Cranial nerves
12 nerves connected to brain ``` Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulochoclear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglosseal ```
35
Vermis
Narrow band of cortex connects hemispheres
36
Folia
Surface of cerebellum, highly folded neural cortex
37
Arbor vitae
Network of axons in cerebellum
38
Cerebellar peduncles
Tract of nerve fibers linking cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum & spinal cord (superior, middle and inferior)
39
Corpora quadrigemina
``` Two pairs of sensory nuclei: Superior colliculus (visual) Inferior colliculus (auditory) ```
40
Cerebral peduncles
Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces
41
Thalamus
Filters sensory info Contains lateral geniculate nucleus & medial geniculate nucleus
42
Hypothalamus
Inferior of thalamus
43
Lateral geniculate nucleus
visual signals to occipital lobe
44
Medial geniculate nucleus
emotional input to frontal lobe
45
Mamillary body
Processes olfactory info
46
Pineal gland (epithalamus)
Endocrine gland; located at roof of diencephalon
47
Cerebrum
Largest part of brain Controls higher mental fnxs: conscious thoughts, sensation, intellect & memory Divided by longitudinal fissure
48
Axons in cerebrum
Association fibers Commissural fibers Projection fibers
49
Commissural fibers
Fibers connecting both hemispheres (corpus callosum & anterior commissure
50
Central sulcus
Separates motor & sensory areas
51
Special sensory cortexes
Conscious perception and sensory input Visual-info from light receptors Auditory-info from sound receptors Olfactory-info from odor receptors Gustatory-info from taste receptors
52
Speech center
Coordinates all focalization fxns including breathing & muscle mvmnt
53
Hemispheric lateralization
Fxnl diffs btwn L&R hemispheres Each hemisphere performs fxns NOT performed by the other hemisphere
54
Left hemisphere
Dominating Controls speech, writing, math & lang, decision making
55
Right hemisphere
Relates to senses (touch, smell, sight, taste & feel) and recognitions (faces, voice inflections)
56
Olfactory nerve
Sensory: smell Through receptors of olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs
57
Optic nerve
Sensory: Vision Through optic canals of sphenoid to diencephalon via optic chiasm
58
Optic chiasm
Medial portion cross to opposite side of brain
59
Oculomotor
Motor: Eye mvmnts Through superior orbital fissures of sphenoid to various muscles
60
Throchlear
Motor: Eye mvmnts Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid to superior oblique muscle
61
Trigeminal
Ophthalmic, maxillary, & mandibular Mixed: sensory & motor
62
Abducens
Motor: eye mvmnts Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid to lateral rictus muscle
63
Facial
Mixed: sensory & motor to face Motor: motor nuclei of pons
64
Vestibulochoclear
Sensory vestibular branch: balance & equilibrium | Cochlear branch: hearing
65
Glossopharyngeal
Mixed sensory & motor head & neck Motor: motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
66
Vagus
Mixed sensory & motor of thorax & abdomen Motor: motor nuclei in medulla oblongata
67
Accessory
Motor to muscles of neck & upper back through jugular foramen
68
Hypoglosseal
Motor tongue mvmnts Through hypoglossal canals of occipital log to muscles of tongue

A&P Lab (6 decks)

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