Exam 2 (Ch. 22)

Question 1

movement of air into (inspiration) or out of (expiration) the lungs

Answer 1

pulmonary ventilation

Question 2

exchange of O2 (lungs to blood) and CO2 (blood to lungs)

Answer 2

pulmonary gas exhange

Question 3

transport of O2 from the lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to blood

Answer 3

transport of respiratory gases

Question 4

O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells and CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to blood

Answer 4

tissue gas exchange

Question 5

two zones of lower respiratory system

Answer 5

(1) respiratory zone
(2)conducting zone

Question 6

what is the respiratory zone

Answer 6

site for gas exchange, contains microscopic structure (bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli)

Question 7

what is the conducting zone

Answer 7

conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites in the respiratory zone

Question 8

four pressures involved in pulmonary ventilation

Answer 8

(1) atmospheric pressure
(2) intrapulmonary pressure
(3)intrapleural pressure
(4) transpulmonary pressure

Question 9

what is transpulmonary pressure

Answer 9

the difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure (Ppul-Pip)

Question 10

inspiration v expiration (active or passive)

Answer 10

Inspiration- active
expiration- passive
forced expiration - active

Question 11

factors that keep the lungs from collapsing

Answer 11

(1) negative intrapleural pressure
(2) surfactant
(3) Pleural cavity & fluid
(4) Transpulmonary pressure

Question 12

substance that impacts alveolar surface tension

Answer 12

surfactant

Question 13

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

Answer 13

tidal volume

Question 14

the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration

Answer 14

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 15

the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration

Answer 15

expiratory reserve volume

Question 16

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

Answer 16

residual volume

Question 17

factors that influence the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide between lungs and blood (external respiration), and between tissues and blood (internal respiration)

Answer 17

(1) partial pressure gradients- daltons law
(2) thickness & surface area of respiratory membrane
(3) ventilation-profusion coupling

Question 18

the amount of air that enters and leaves the alveoli

Answer 18

ventilation

Question 19

the amount of blood flow in pulmonary capillaries that flows to the alveolar capillaries

Answer 19

Perfusion

Question 20

ways oxygen is carried in the blood

Answer 20

(1) dissolved in plasma 1.5%
(2) loosely bound to Hemoglobin 98.5%

Question 21

which factor that can influence the association/binding/affinity of oxygen with hemoglobin has the greatest influence

Answer 21

PO2-amount of oxygen available

Question 22

other factors thatinfluence the association/binding/affinity of oxygen with hemoglobin

Answer 22

increase in temp, blood pH, PCO2 and the amount of BPG in the blood

Question 23

ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

Answer 23

(1)dissolved in plasma 7-10%
(2) chemically bound to HB 20%
(3) as bicarbonate ions in plasma 70%

Question 24

Chemical factors that influence breathing rate and depth – which is most influential

Answer 24

-Changing levels of PCO2, PO2 and pH
-CO2 is the most potent and most closely controlled

Question 25

mucosa covered projections that protrude medially from lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Answer 25

nasal conchae

Question 26

ring around the nasal cavities located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones; air filled mucosa lined cavities embedded in cranial bones that surrounds the nasal cavity, may aid in warming and filtering incoming air, lightens the weight of the skull, secretes mucus

Answer 26

paranasal sinuses

Question 27

muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6; connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus

Answer 27

pharynx

Question 28

extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra; superior end attaches to hyoid bone

Answer 28

larynx (voice box)

Question 29

large hyaline cartilage that resembles an upright open book

Answer 29

thyroid cartilage

Question 30

ring shaped hyaline cartilage

Answer 30

cricoid cartilage

Question 31

mucosal folds that function in voice production; contain elastic fibers that appear white due to lack of blood vessels, folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

Answer 31

vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Question 32

extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi

Answer 32

trachea (windpipe)

Question 33

last tracheal cartilage at the point where the trachea branches into two main bronchi

Answer 33

carina

Question 34

a potential space between the two layers of pleura (which form double-layered sac that surrounds a lung); contains a thin film of lubricating serous fluid

Answer 34

pleural cavity

Question 35

branching at inferior end of trachea

Answer 35

Main bronchi (right & left)

Question 36

2 lobes (superior & inferior) separated by the oblique fissure; smaller than the right lung because of the position of the heart on the left side

Answer 36

left lung

Question 37

3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior) where the superior and middle lobe are separated by the horizontal fissure and the middle and inferior lobes are sepearted by the oblique fissure

Answer 37

right lung

Question 38

branching bronchi that make up the air passageways in the lungs; has a conducting and respiratory zone

Answer 38

bronchial tree

Question 39

smallest branching air passageways inside the lungs; marks the end of the conducting zone

Answer 39

terminal bronchioles