The cardiovascular system (Lab midterm)

Question 1

two receiving chambers of the heart

Answer 1

right atrium- receives deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circuit
left atrium- receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit

Question 2

two main pumping chambers of the heart

Answer 2

right ventricle- pumps blood into pulmonary circuit
left ventricle- pumps blood into systemic circuit

Question 3

outer anatomy of the heart

Answer 3

base, apex, apical impulse

Question 4

upper portion of the heart that points towards the right shoulder(base of cone shape)

Answer 4

base

Question 5

lowermost point of the heart (top of cone shape), points to the left hip

Answer 5

apex

Question 6

pulse point of the heart at heart apex, palpated between the 5th and 6th left ribs just below the left nipple; may be difficult to palpate in women due to left breast, can auscultate with a stethoscope

Answer 6

apical impulse

Question 7

three layers of the heart wall

Answer 7

1.pericardium
-fibrous & serous pericardium
2.myocardium
3.endocardium

Question 8

two walled sac that surrounds the heart

Answer 8

pericardium

Question 9

superficial layer of sac surrounding the heart; function is to protect the heart, anchors it to surrounding structures and prevents the heart from overfilling with blood

Answer 9

Fibrous pericardium

Question 10

deeper layer of sac surrounding the heart; has 2 layers

Answer 10

Serous pericardium

Question 11

outer layer; lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

Answer 11

Parietal layer

Question 12

deep layer; lies on the external surface of the heart

Answer 12

Visceral layer (epicardium)

Question 13

middle layer of the heart wall that contracts; consists of circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells, also contains the cardiac skeleton

Answer 13

Myocardium

Question 14

innermost layer of the heart, continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels; lines the inside of the heart and covers cardiac skeleton of heart valves

Answer 14

Endocardium

Question 15

two types of atrioventricular heart valves

Answer 15

tricuspid valve & mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 16

3 cusps; between the right atria and right ventricle, anchored to papillary muscles in the ventricle by chordae tendineae; prevents backflow of blood from right ventricle into right atrium

Answer 16

Tricuspid valve

Question 17

2 cusps; between the left atria and left ventricle, anchored to papillary muscles in the ventricle by chordae tendineae

Answer 17

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 18

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk; prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle

Answer 18

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 19

between left ventricle and aorta; prevent backflow of blood into the left ventricle

Answer 19

Aortic semilunar valve

Question 20

blood flow through right side of the heart (focus figure 18.1)

Answer 20

Superior vena cava- inferior vena cava-coronary sinus-right atrium- tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary SL valve- pulmonary trunk- to lungs- pulmonary capillaries

Question 21

blood flow through left side of the heart (focus figure 18.1)

Answer 21

four pulmonary veins- left atrium- mitral valve- left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta

Question 22

returns blood to the right atrium from body regions superior to the diaphragm

Answer 22

Superior vena cava

Question 23

returns blood to the right atrium from body areas below the diaphragm

Answer 23

Inferior vena cava

Question 24

carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

Answer 24

Pulmonary artery

Question 25

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium

Answer 25

Pulmonary vein

Question 26

formed by cardiac veins; empties deoxygenated blood into the right atrium [made of the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein & small cardiac vein]

Answer 26

Coronary sinus

Question 27

in the posterior interventricular sulcus; empties into the coronary sinus

Answer 27

Middle cardiac vein

Question 28

receives oxygenated blood from the aorta, supplies oxygenated blood to interventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls, left atrium, and posterior wall of left ventricle; divides into the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

Answer 28

Left coronary artery

Question 29

receives oxygenated blood from the aorta, supplies oxygenated blood to right atrium and most of the right ventricle; divides into the right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

Answer 29

Right coronary artery

Question 30

separates the left and right atria

Answer 30

Interatrial septum

Question 31

separates the left and right ventricles

Answer 31

Interventricular septum

Question 32

sequence of excitation in the cardiac conduction system

Answer 32

1. SA node generates impulse 2.impulse pauses at AV node 3.AV bundle connects the atria to the ventricles 4.bundle branches conduct the impulse through the intraventricular septum 5.subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles

Question 33

ECG; represents atrial depolarization at SA node

Answer 33

P wave

Question 34

ECG; represents ventricular depolarization

Answer 34

QRS complex

Question 35

ECG; represents ventricular repolarization

Answer 35

T wave

Question 36

a normal ECG tracing with appropriate P waves followed by a QRS complex and T waves

Answer 36

Normal sinus rhythm

Question 37

abnormal ECG tracing with normal QRS and T waves but no P waves; SA node is not functioning

Answer 37

Junctional rhythm

Question 38

P waves are present but not every P wave is followed by a QRS complex; AV node is not conducting some impulses from the SA node

Answer 38

Second-degree heart block

Question 39

disorganized electrical activity, ECG looks chaotic; “shockable” rhythm means person needs to be defibrillated to try and get their heart back into normal sinus rhythm, seen in people having a heart attack

Answer 39

Ventricular fibrillation