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PSY 102 3012 (Psych) > Exam 2 (Ch. 4-6) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 4-6) Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Circadian Rythm

A

body clock; our sleep/wake cycle

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2
Q

Order of Sleep Cycles

A
  1. Awake
  2. Drowsy
  3. Sleep
  4. Deep Sleep
  5. REM
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3
Q

Awake

A

beta waves

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4
Q

Drowsy

A

alpha waves (slower, melatonin released)

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5
Q

Sleep

A

theta waves

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6
Q

Deep Sleep

A

delta waves (slowest)

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7
Q

REM

A

beta waves (dream state)

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8
Q

Insomnia

A

Can’t fall asleep and/or stay asleep

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9
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

causes a difficulty concentrating, impaired learning, and a negative mood

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10
Q

Hypnosis

A

disassociative state; may cause mild amnesia, pain relief

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11
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought

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12
Q

Stimulants

A

psychoactive drug that stimulates your CNS and PNS (e.g. caffeine, cocaine, nicotine)

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13
Q

Cocaine

A

stimulant; constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and quickens respiration

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14
Q

Depressants

A

decrease activity in the CNS (e.g. alcohol, tranquilizers)

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15
Q

Tolerance

A

body needs a higher effective dose

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16
Q

Hallucinogens

A

alter and distort perception (e.g. LSD, shrooms, DMT)

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17
Q

Altered State of Consciousness

A

changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, drugs, or hypnosis

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18
Q

Hallucination

A

an imaginary sensation

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19
Q

REM Sleep

A

rapid eye movements, paralysis, fast and irregular heart rate, increased brain wave activity, vivid dreams

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20
Q

Physical Drug Dependence

A

The body’s natural ability to protect itself creates a tolerance to the drug

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21
Q

Psychological Drug Dependence

A

an irresistible urge for the pleasurable effects of the drug

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22
Q

Physical Withdrawl

A

opposite of the drug’s pleasure effects

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23
Q

Psychological Withdrawl

A

attention and memory defficits

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24
Q

Nicotine

A

stimulant; increases alertness, highly addictive

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25
Narcolepsy
incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable episodes of REM sleep
26
Somnambulism
sleep walking; partial arousal during stage 4 of sleep (deep sleep, delta waves)
27
Sleep Apnea
periods during sleep when breathing stops; individual must awaken briefly to breathe
28
Learning
relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude
29
Classical Conditioning
associating one stimulus with another (Pavlov)
30
UCS
unconditioned stimulus; elicits UCR (e.g. food)
31
UCR
unconditioned response; reflex (e.g. salivation)
32
CS
conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus (e.g. bell)
33
CR
conditioned response; reflex b/c of CS (e.g. salivation)
34
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of extinguished CR when organism is exposed to CS
35
Stimulus Generalization
responding to a similar stimulus to the original CS
36
Stimulus Discrimination
not responding to different stimuli than the original CS
37
Watson
"father of behaviorism", Little Albert experiment in classical conditioning
38
Little Albert
9 m/o infant classically conditioned to fear mice. - UCS: loud noise - UCR: fear - CS: white rat - CR: fear
39
Operant Conditioning
Shaping voluntary behavior using rewards and punishments; Skinner
40
Skinner
operant conditioning; rat conditioned to press a bar for rewards
41
Reinforcement
reward used to shape behavior; used in Operant Conditioning
42
Positive Reinforcement
Pleasant consequence (e.g. more dessert)
43
Negative Reinforcement
Taking away something bad; aversive stimulus (e.g. eliminating a chore)
44
Primary Reinforcer
fulfills biological needs (e.g. food, water, shelter)
45
Secondary Reinforcer
acquired or learned through association with other enforcers (e.g money, recognition)
46
Observational Learning
learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior
47
Bandura
Bobo the clown experiment
48
extinction
operant conditioning; weakening or disappearing of CR with the removal of the reinforcement
49
shaping
operant conditioning; gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing every movement towards that behavior
50
punishment
removing a pleasurable stimulus or introducing an unpleasant stimulus
51
modeling effect
learning a new behavior through watching a model
52
cognitive psychology
studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, etc.
53
encoding
taking in information to be stored in memory
54
storage
keeping or maintaining information in memory
55
retrieval
recalling information that is stored in memory
56
sensory memory
stimulus at sensory receptor
57
short term memory
what you're currently thinking or dealing with; capacity of 7+/-2
58
long term memory
relatively permanent, unlimited storage. split into procedural and declarative
59
chunking
grouping pieces of information to make it easier to remember (1,2,3,4, - 12, 34)
60
principle of relearning
each time you relearn something, you can recall it faster
61
rehearsal
repeating information to maintain it in the short term memory, and eventually store in long term memory
62
serial position effect
recall is better for items at the beginning or end of a sentence than in the middle of the sequence
63
Mnemonic Device
memory aid/strategy (e.g. acronym, rehearsal)
64
retroactive interference
new learning interferes with remembering previously stored information
65
tip of the tongue phenomenon
not remembering something you're certain you know
66
hippocampus
mediates memory
67
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new long term memories
68
flashbulb memory
memories for shocking, emotion provoking events
69
working memory
short term memory acts as a workspace for carrying out mental activity
70
recall
retrieve information by searching memory
71
recognition
identifying something as being familiar
72
source
remembering where a memory came from
73
proactive interference
info already stored interferes with remembering new information
74
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory of events prior to loss of consciousness
75
misinformation effect
wrong recollection of witnessed events
76
distributed practice
practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a long period of time
77
automoticity
a learned skill becoming second nature

PSY 102 3012 (Psych) (3 decks)

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