Exam 2: Ch. 7, 9, 11, 14,15 Flashcards by Teresa Nguyen

Arrangement of body parts without a central axis or point

Asymmetry

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Arrangement of body parts such that a single plane passing between upper and lower surfaces, through the longitudinal axis divides the animal into right and left mirror images.

Bilateral symmetry

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Any plane passing through the oral/aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images.

Radial Symmetry

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The assignment of a distinctive Latin-based name to each species.

Binomial nomenclature

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organisms with two layers of tissue

ex: cnidaria (jellyfish)

diploblastic

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organisms with three layers of tissue

ex: mollusca, arthropoda

triploblastic

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no coelom (body cavity)
ectoderm, mesoglea, endoderm
ex: cnidaria

acoelomate

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any animal that contains a coelom

ex: all other organisms (mollusca, arthropods)

coelomate

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what differentiates acoelomate from coelomates?

acoelomates are missing a mesoderm that is required to make a coelom

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spiral and determinate cleavage
a mouth that forms from an embryonic blastopore (mouth forms first)
schizocoelous coelom fomation
a trochophore larva
Ex: mollusca, arthropoda

protostomes

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radial and indeterminate cleavage
an anus that forms in the region of the embryoniic blastophore (anus forms first)
enterocoelous coelom formation
ex: chordata

Deuterostomes

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animals that are protostomes

ecdysozoa and lophptrochozoa

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arthtropods and nematodies that possess an covering is shed of molterd periodicallyy during growth

ecdysozoa

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annelids and molluscs

name derived from the presence of certain feeding and larval structures in some members of this group

lophotrochozoa

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animals that are deutorostomes

all the other animals

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animals that are not deuterostomes and protosomes

porifera and cnidaria

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a grouping that includes some but not all descents of the same ancestor

paraphyletic

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a grouping whose members include more than one ancestor

polyphyletic

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a grouping that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants

monophyletic

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asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
3 cell types: pinococytes, mesenchyme and choanocytes
central cavity or series of branching chambers through which water circulates during filter feeding
no tissue or organs

porifera

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radial or biradial symmetry
diploblastc
gelatinous mesoglea between the epidermal and gastrodermal tissue layers
gastrovascular activity
nervous system in the form of a nerve net
cytes used in feeding, defense, and attachment

cnidaria

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how do members of porifera feed?

filter feeding. water passes through their collar near the base of the cell and then moves into a sponge chamber at the opend end of the collar; suspended food is trapped on the collar and moved to the base of the collar, where it is incorporated to a good vacuole; digestion begins in the vacuole by lysosomal enzymes and changes; partially digested food is passed to amoeboid cells and distributed to the rest of the body

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source name for the cnidaria?

cnidocytes. produce structures called cnida that are used for attachment, defense and feeding within the cell

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a type of cnida used in food gathering and defense that may discharge a long tube armed with spines that penetrates the orey

nematocyst

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what is the importance of the anthazoa to humans?

produces oxygen in ocean, coral reef provide huge diversity, forms barrier reefs, creates wall on the outer part of the coast, protects shoreline, keeps sand from eroding

alternation of generation in the cnidaria

obelia alternates between the polyp and medusa

medusa

reproduce sexually

polyp

reproduce asexually by falling off the main ho

what type do the typical bell-shaped jellyfish belong to?

scyphozoa-has a dominant medusa form; typical form

coelomate animal phylum whose members possess a head-foot, visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity. most possess a radula and a calcerous shell

pylum mollusca

body enclosed in a shell consisting of two valves, hinged dorsally, no head or radulla, wedge-shaped foot; marine or freshwater. filter feeders

class bivalvia

shell, hen present,usually coiled; body symmetry distorted by torsion;freshwater. marine or terrestrial. largest molluscan class. feed using their radula to scrape off algae

class gastropoda

foot modified into a circle of tentacles and a siphon/ shell reduced or absent; head in line with the elongate visceral mass; marine; only class with closed circulatory system

class cephalopoda

synapomorphies for cephalopoda, bivalvia, and gastropoda

radula; torsions. tentacles

symplesiomorphies for molluscans

head-foot, visceral mass. mantle mantel cavity

bilateral symmetry, triploblastic embryo develops, protostome characteristics, may be either coelomate or pseudocoelomate depending on the phylum,

lophotrochozoa

why are molluscs considered part of lophotrochozoas?

molluscs has these characteristics and form larvae

what class contains the most species within the molluscans?

gastropoda

what special defense technique do brightly colored nudibranchs have

external anatomy mimics the textures and colors of their surroundings

what class do brightly colored nudibranchs belong to?

gastropoda

how do freshwater mussels reproduce

fertilizstion occurs in the mantle cavity with inhaling water. young clams are shed off from gills and are in the glochidian stage.

What group of organisms contain most of the species considered endangered in the Missouri?

mussels

what factors led to their declining population?

poor water quality

what are chromatopores

cell or plastid that contains pigment

how are chromatopores used by cephalopods

used to blend in with their surroundings quickly in case of danger

Foot modified into a circle of tentacles and a siphon Shell reduced or absent Head in line with elongate visceral mass

characteristics of cephalopods

animals that show metamerisim with tagmatization, a jointed exoskeleton and ventral nervous system

phylum arthopoda

body usually divided into prosoma and opisthosoma, first pair of appendages piercing or pincerlike and used for feeding

subphylum chelicerata

mostly terrestrial, book lngs, trachae, contains 2 body regions: cephalothorax and the abdomen, no antennae. 8 legs

class arachnida

body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen; five pairs of head appendages; three pairs of uniramous appendages on the thorax; terrestrial

subphylum hexapoda

most successful land anima, make up 75% known species, widely distributed and integral part of our world

class insecta

mostly aquatic, head with two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae, biramous (two branches and two antennae) appendages

subphylum crustacea

largest class of crustaceans, appendages possibly modified for crawling, feeding and swimming

class malacostraca

10 legs, largest order in crustraceans

order decapoda

five head, six thoracic, and four abdominal somites plus a telson, thoracic segments variously fused with the head; abdominal segments lack typical appendages. barnacles and copods

class maxillopods

process of ecdysis`

1) enzymes, secreted from hypodermal glands, begin digesting the old procuticle to separate hypodermis and exoskeleton 2) new procuticle and epicuticle are secreted 3) old exoskeleton splits open along predetemined ecdysal lines 4) calcium carbonate deposits depositss and scleorotization hardens new exoskeleton

purpose of ecdysis

growth of an arthropod would be virtually impossible without the exoskeleton being periodically shed

what groups of animals have we studied undergo ecdysis?

all arthropods

segmental arrangement of body parts

metamerism

the specialization of body regions in a metameric animal

tagmatization

tagmatization of an animal

head (feeding, sensory) thorax (locomotion) abdomen (visceral functions)

what is the ecological significance and relative numbers of crustaceans as compared to other arthtropod phyla?

crustaceans do not have the greatest species variety and make up the majority of the ocean's population (insects are first then chelicerata) but in the ocean they are unmatched

most are planktonic and use their second maxillae for filter feeding; includes some of the most abundant crustaceans

subclass copepods

copepods importance to the ecology of the sea

food for herring, sardines and mackeral occupy a critical position in marine food webs

small shrimp-like crustaceans are essentially the fuel that runs the engine of the earth's marine ecosystems. feed on microscopic organisms and live off of co2 and sunrays. main staple for many animals

krill

recognized by its shiny black body with a red hourglass pattern on the ventral surface of its opisthosoma

black widows

where can black widows be found?

worldwide

recognized by the dark brown, violin shaped mark on the dorsal aspect of its prosome. legs are uniformly light colored and lack large setae.

brown recluse spider

where can brown recluse spiders be found?

central and southern portions of north america

venom: neurotoxin that causes pain and nausea how are bites likely to occur: when their web is disturbed where are bites likely to occur: shaded over-hangs bites: two holes to show where fangs bit you

black widow

venom: venom is histolytic and causes tissue necrosis how are bites likely to occur: when pressure is applied to them where are bites likely to occur: in dark, undisturbed places bites: starts a pimple then gets a ring around it and worst case scenario skin rots

brown recluse

where can you likely get lyme disease

north eastern portions in the us and upper midwest

least likely to get lyme disease

missouri

how should a tick be removed

use fine tipped twezers and remove close to skin as possible. pull upwards with steady, even pressure; no twisting or jerking

how long do you have until ticks transmits lyme disease

36 to 48 hours

tensile strength is comparable o steel, but lighter and stretchy like a rubber band made of proteins and amino acid sequences toughest material in nature market wants to manufacture because of strength

spider silk

what economic way are malacostraca are important to humans

tasty, expensive, sought after sources of protein

put orders of class archnida in order

scorpionida aranae opillones acarina

what scorpion is native to missouri?

striped scorpion is not poisonous but can sting

where is the most venomous north american scorpion found?

striped baric scorpion is found in the deserts of arizona

significance of dust mites

feed on human skin, most dust is made up of exoskeleton, most common allergies associated w dust is bc of them

what is STARI

southern tick associated rash illness

is spider silk the same within all species?

adaptive significance of wings?

flight enables insects to invade any terrestrial environments/habitats

considered more primitive and uses muscle contraction to move wings in a fashion similar to other flying animals

synchronous flying

relies on a 'click' mechanism and vibrating mucles and has much fasre wnf bear speeds than non-insects. more advantageous for insects

asynchronous flying

in what ways are insects our biggest competitor and ally?

competitor: carrier of dieases and eat our food ally: pollinate our plants and produce our food

absorb waste materials from the blood and emptu them into the gut tract; excretes nitrogenous wastes

malpighian tubules

paired, thin-walled, speherical sacs bathed in the blood of body sinuses, excretes nitrogenous wastes

coxal glands

modified book gill, paired invaginations of the ventral body wall that fold into a series of leaflike lamellae

book lungs

openings along the ventral or lateral aspects of the abdomen, helps oxygen reach internal respiratory organs

spiracles

series of branched, chitin-lined tubules that deliver air directly to body tissues

trachea

Species specific number of molts Wings develop externally Immatures called nymphs Adults only fully winged

hemimetabolous metamorphosis

Adults and immatures differ in body form and habitat. Immatures are called larvae. Species specific number of larval instars. Last larval instar is called a pupa.

holometabolous metamorphosis

How do insects rank in terms of numbers of species within the Kingdom Animalia?

they are ranked the top

What is the dominant form of communication among social insects as a group?

Pheromones – chemical signals that cause behavioral or physiological changes in another member of the same species.

What is a social insect?

any of numerous insects that live in colonies

coleoptera

beetles

lepidoptera

butterflies and moths

hymenoptera

sawflies, bees, wasps, ants

diptera

flies

which of the orders: coleoptera, lepidoptera, hymenoptera, and diptera contain the most species?

hymenoptera

insects with a bunch of legs

subphylum myriapodia

two pairs of legs per segment usually round in cross section; millepedes

class diplopoda

one pair of legs per body section; body oval in cross section; poison claws; centipedes

class chilopoda

what venomous chilopd lives in missouri?

desert centipede

two pairs of appendages oj each apparent trunk segment round in cross section nearly always found in leaf litter, humus, decaying logs require moist environments feed on decaying plant matter

millipedes

``` nocturnal require moist habitats bodies flattened on cross sections single pair of legs on each body segment venomous ```

centipedes

Exam 2: Ch. 7, 9, 11, 14,15 Flashcards

(108 cards)