Exam 2: Ch. 7 - 9

Question 1

What is Corporal Punishment?

Answer 1

The use of physical force to discipline students, a practice banned in many educational settings.

Question 2

What are Academies in American education history?

Answer 2

Secondary schools in the 18th and 19th centuries offering practical subjects like mathematics, science, and modern languages.

Question 3

Define Tenure.

Answer 3

Permanent contracts protecting teachers from arbitrary dismissal. Example: Securing employment after probationary period.

Question 4

What are challenges faced by Equity and Inclusion reforms?

Answer 4

Inconsistent implementation and political resistance.

Question 5

What is the goal of Standards-Based Reform?

Answer 5

To raise academic expectations and ensure consistent educational standards.

Question 6

What was the goal of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)?

Answer 6

To provide federal funding and promote high standards and accountability in primary and secondary education.

Question 7

Define No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB).

Answer 7

2001 law increasing accountability with standardized testing. Example: Mandatory annual reading and math tests.

Question 8

What is the philosophy behind School Choice?

Answer 8

Providing educational options and encouraging innovation through mechanisms like charter schools and vouchers.

Question 9

How does Global Competition influence education?

Answer 9

Drives the need for global competitiveness in innovation and technology.

Question 10

Define Corporal Punishment.

Answer 10

Use of physical force as discipline, now prohibited. Example: Banned physical punishment of students.

Question 11

What are the challenges of Standards-Based Reform?

Answer 11

Potential rigidity and variations in local implementation.

Question 12

Define Dame Schools.

Answer 12

Early private schools in colonial America, typically run by women in homes. Example: Teaching reading and arithmetic in a kitchen.

Question 13

Define Block Grants.

Answer 13

Federal funds with flexible state/local use. Example: Spending on tech upgrades and teacher training.

Question 14

What does Fair Use allow in education?

Answer 14

Limited use of copyrighted material for purposes like teaching, without needing permission.

Question 15

What was the purpose of Common Schools?

Answer 15

To provide basic public education to all children regardless of socioeconomic status.

Question 16

What is Academic Freedom?

Answer 16

The right of teachers and students to express ideas without fear of censorship or retaliation.

Question 17

What is the role of school boards?

Answer 17

To oversee local schools, set policies, and manage budgets.

Question 18

What is the Academic Purpose of schooling?

Answer 18

To develop intellectual skills and knowledge, focusing on critical thinking, literacy, and numeracy.

Question 19

How have Social Justice Movements impacted education?

Answer 19

Raised demands for addressing racial, gender, and economic equity in schools.

Question 20

Define Accountability.

Answer 20

Responsibility for student performance, measured via tests. Example: School rankings based on test scores.

Question 21

What is the Social and Civic Purpose of schooling?

Answer 21

Fostering democratic values, civic responsibility, and community involvement.

Question 22

Define School Boards.

Answer 22

Bodies managing public schools’ policies and budgets. Example: Approving new textbooks and renovations.

Question 23

What is the mission of Equity and Inclusion initiatives?

Answer 23

Promoting fair educational opportunities for all students through inclusive classrooms and anti-bias education.

Question 24

What were Latin Grammar Schools?

Answer 24

Schools established in the 17th century to prepare boys for college, focusing on classical languages and literature.

Question 25

What were Dame Schools?

Answer 25

Early private schools in colonial America, typically run by women in their homes, offering basic education to young children.

Question 26

Define Categorical Grants.

Answer 26

Federal funds for specific purposes. Example: Grant for special education services.

Question 27

What challenges accompany Technology Integration?

Answer 27

Equity gaps in access and cybersecurity threats.

Question 28

Define The Buckley Amendment (FERPA).

Answer 28

Protects the privacy of student education records. Example: Parents reviewing their child's school records.

Question 29

What is the aim of Technology Integration in schools?

Answer 29

Enhancing instruction through digital tools and expanding access to learning.

Question 30

Define Local Property Tax.

Answer 30

Taxes funding public schools. Example: Schools funded by property taxes.

Question 31

Define Due Process.

Answer 31

Requirement for fair legal treatment in disciplinary actions. Example: Hearing provided before teacher termination.

Question 32

What role do Policy and Politics play in educational reform?

Answer 32

Shift priorities with changes in federal and state leadership.

Question 33

What does Freedom of Expression protect within schools?

Answer 33

The right to express opinions, within the boundaries of school policies and norms.

Question 34

What is the Cultural Purpose of schooling?

Answer 34

Preserving and transmitting cultural values while promoting global awareness and diversity.

Question 35

What does In Loco Parentis mean?

Answer 35

Educators acting 'in place of the parent' for students during school hours, ensuring their safety and discipline.

Question 36

What were Normal Schools created for?

Answer 36

To train teachers in pedagogical methods and subject matter.

Question 37

What challenges exist with School Choice?

Answer 37

Equity concerns and resource depletion from public schools.

Question 38

Define Equity in School Finance.

Answer 38

Fair distribution of education resources. Example: More funding for low-income schools.

Question 39

Define Decentralization.

Answer 39

Decision-making power shifted to local schools. Example: Schools managing their own curricula.

Question 40

What is the Economic Purpose of schooling?

Answer 40

Preparing students for the workforce, emphasizing career readiness, entrepreneurship, and adaptability.

Question 41

Define Zero Tolerance Policy.

Answer 41

Strict policies with predetermined punishments. Example: Suspension for bringing a pocket knife.

Question 42

Define Academies.

Answer 42

Secondary schools offering practical subjects in the 18th and 19th centuries. Example: Courses in navigation and engineering.

Question 43

What did Brown v. Board of Education declare?

Answer 43

Racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.

Question 44

Define Brown v. Board of Education.

Answer 44

1954 Supreme Court case ending racial segregation in schools. Example: Integration of African American students.

Question 45

What are concerns related to Teacher Quality reforms?

Answer 45

Misuse of test data for evaluations and negative impacts on teacher morale.

Question 46

Question

Answer 46

Definition and Example

Question 47

Define Commercialism in Schools.

Answer 47

Advertising and corporate influence in schools. Example: Soft drink ads in schools for funding.

Question 48

What is a Zero Tolerance Policy?

Answer 48

Strict enforcement of predetermined punishments for specific offenses regardless of circumstances.

Question 49

What challenges arise from Accountability and Testing?

Answer 49

Testing fatigue and curriculum narrowing ('teaching to the test').

Question 50

What does the Buckley Amendment (FERPA) protect?

Answer 50

The privacy of student education records and grants access rights to parents and eligible students.

Question 51

What did the Morrill Land-Grant Acts accomplish?

Answer 51

Provided federal land to states to establish colleges focused on agriculture and mechanical arts.

Question 52

Define Morrill Land-Grant Acts.

Answer 52

Laws providing federal land to states for colleges focused on agriculture and mechanics. Example: Creating state universities.

Question 53

Define Progressive Education Movement.

Answer 53

Educational reform emphasizing experiential learning and critical thinking. Example: Hands-on projects and collaborative problem-solving.

Question 54

Define Normal Schools.

Answer 54

Institutions training teachers in pedagogical methods. Example: Preparing women to become elementary school teachers.

Question 55

What is the purpose of Tenure for teachers?

Answer 55

To grant permanent contracts after a probationary period, protecting teachers from arbitrary dismissal.

Question 56

What does Teacher Quality reform focus on?

Answer 56

Improving classroom instruction and professional growth through evaluation and support systems.

Question 57

What educational strategies address Digital Citizenship?

Answer 57

Teaching responsible online behavior and critical evaluation of digital media.

Question 58

Define Latin Grammar Schools.

Answer 58

Schools in the 17th century to prepare boys for college, focusing on classical languages. Example: Studying Latin and Greek for Harvard.

Question 59

Define Site-Based Management.

Answer 59

Schools make operational decisions locally. Example: Committee developing a new disciplinary policy.

Question 60

How does Public Pressure shape educational change?

Answer 60

Advocates for transparency, accountability, and improvement in education.

Question 61

Define Freedom of Expression.

Answer 61

Right to express ideas without censorship under school rules. Example: Students protesting for environmental policies.

Question 62

What is Site-Based Management?

Answer 62

A governance approach where individual schools have decision-making authority.

Question 63

What does Liability mean for educators?

Answer 63

The legal responsibility to ensure the safety and well-being of students under their supervision.

Question 64

How do Economic Needs impact educational priorities?

Answer 64

Push for critical thinking and technological skills development.

Question 65

Define Academic Freedom.

Answer 65

Right to express ideas freely in classrooms. Example: Discussing multiple historical interpretations in class.

Question 66

What did the Progressive Education Movement emphasize?

Answer 66

Experiential learning, critical thinking, and meeting the needs of the whole child.

Question 67

Define Common Schools.

Answer 67

Public schools in the 19th century providing basic education to all children. Example: Free education in reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Question 68

What does Accountability and Testing involve?

Answer 68

Using standardized assessments to measure school and student performance.

Question 69

What is an example of Standards-Based Reform?

Answer 69

Adoption of Common Core Standards.

Question 70

What is Due Process in education?

Answer 70

Ensuring fair legal treatment in matters like student discipline or teacher dismissal.

Question 71

Define Adequacy.

Answer 71

States must provide sufficient education funding. Example: Court-ordered increased funding for schools.

Question 72

Define Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA).

Answer 72

1965 federal law funding education and reducing inequality. Example: Title I funding for low-income schools.

Question 73

What are the main sources of school funding?

Answer 73

Local property taxes, state funding, and federal grants.

Question 74

Define Liability.

Answer 74

Educators' responsibility for student safety. Example: Liability for negligence causing student injury.

Question 75

Define In Loco Parentis.

Answer 75

Educators acting in the students' best interests. Example: Teacher providing guidance and discipline.

Question 76

Define Fair Use.

Answer 76

Permits limited use of copyrighted material for education. Example: Copying a book excerpt for discussion.

Question 77

What did the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) introduce?

Answer 77

Increased accountability for schools through required standardized testing.