Exam 2 - Chapter 10

Question 1

define measurement

Answer 1

the process of assigning numbers to concepts, objects, events, or situations using a set of rules

Question 2

what are the types of measures?

Answer 2

• direct
• indirect

Question 3

what are the rules of measurement?

Answer 3

promote consistency in measurement methods between different individuals

Question 4

what do direct measures involve?

Answer 4

determining the value of concrete factors

Question 5

examples of direct measures

Answer 5

• weight
• BP
• O2 sat
• temperature

Question 6

what are indirect measures?

Answer 6

these are indicators of a concept that can capture elements of the measurement of an abstract idea

Question 7

examples of indirect measures

Answer 7

• pain
• depression
• coping
• self-care
• self-esteem
• anxiety levels
• feelings

Question 8

what are the levels of measurement?

Answer 8

• nominal
• ordinal
• interval
• ratio

Question 9

what is the purpose of nominal-level measurement?

Answer 9

organize data into categories of defined properties

Question 10

elements of a nominal-level measurement cannot be rank-ordered

Answer 10

true

Question 11

categories in a nominal-level measurement differ in quality than quantity

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what are important characteristics of categories in a nominal-level measurement?

Answer 12

• not orderable
• exclusive
• exhaustive (thorough)

Question 13

what does ordinal-level measurement entail?

Answer 13

data need to be assigned to categories that can be ranked

Question 14

interval-level measurement uses scales

Answer 14

true

Question 15

what is a property of a scale?

Answer 15

it has equal numerical distances between the intervals

Question 16

why are ordinal data considered to have unequal intervals?

Answer 16

there is no certainty that intervals between ranked categories are equal

Question 17

what does exclusive mean in categories of data?

Answer 17

each datum fits into only one category

Question 18

what does exhaustive mean in categories of data?

Answer 18

each datum fit into at least one category

Question 19

examples of ordinal-level of measurement

Answer 19

• pain scale
• ADLs
• Fall Scale
• Braden Score

Question 20

what rules do the scales in interval-level measurement follow?

Answer 20

• mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and ranked categories
• representation of a continuum of values

Question 21

examples of interval-level measurement

Answer 21

• temperature

Question 22

what is ratio-level measurement?

Answer 22

the highest form of measurement and meets all the rules of other forms of measurement

Question 23

what are the rules that categories of ordinal-level measurement follow?

Answer 23

• ranked
• exclusive
• exhaustive

Question 24

what is a distinct rule that only ratio-level measurement follows?

Answer 24

data must have an absolute zero

Question 25

what are *all* the rules that categories of ratio-level measurement follows?

Answer 25

- exhaustive - exclusive - ranked - equal intervals - absolute zero

Question 26

interval-level measurement has **no** zero point

Answer 26

true

Question 27

define measurement error

Answer 27

the difference between the true measure and what is actually measured

Question 28

define true measure

Answer 28

the ideal perfect measure

Question 29

what are the types of measurement errors?

Answer 29

- systematic - random

Question 30

what is a random measurement error?

Answer 30

*measured values* and *true value* have no clear pattern

Question 31

what is a systematic measurement error?

Answer 31

the variation in measurement values is primarily in the same direction

Question 32

what is the common cause of random measurement error?

Answer 32

human error

Question 33

what is the most common cause of systematic measurement error?

Answer 33

the wrong measurement tool was used, despite it working optimally

Question 34

what does *reliability* in measurement focus on?

Answer 34

the consistency of a measurement method

Question 35

which value of correlation coefficient is considered *perfect reliability*?

Answer 35

1.00

Question 36

which value of correlation coefficient is considered *no reliability*?

Answer 36

0.00

Question 37

what value is the lowest acceptable coefficient for a well-developed measurement tool?

Answer 37

≥ 0.80

Question 38

what are the types of *reliability*?

Answer 38

- stability - equivalence - homogeneity

Question 39

what is stability reliability concerned with?

Answer 39

the consistency of repeated measures using the *test-retest reliability*

Question 40

what does equivalence reliability compare?

Answer 40

- two versions of the same measurement - two observers measuring the same event

Question 41

what are the subtypes of equivalence reliability?

Answer 41

- alternate forms reliability *(instruments)* - interrater reliability *(observers)*

Question 42

what are physiological measures?

Answer 42

these are measurement methods used to quantify the level of functioning of human beings

Question 43

which sources of error affect physiological factors?

Answer 43

- environment *(temperature)* - user who is operating the equipment - subject *(capacity)* - equipment *(calibration)* - interpretation *(misinterpretation)*

Question 44

routine physiological measures are assumed to be accurate & precise, but are not always correct

Answer 44

true

Question 45

what kind of evidence do researchers need to provide when they are using physiological measures?

Answer 45

evidence of the measure's accuracy, precision, & potential for error

Question 46

what are the measures that help determine accuracy of screening & diagnostic tests?

Answer 46

- sensitivity - specificity - positive predictive value - negative predictive value

Question 47

define *sensitivity*

Answer 47

the proportion of patients *with a disease* who have a *positive* screening test

Question 48

define *specificity*

Answer 48

proportion of patients *without a disease* who have a *negative* screening test

Question 49

define *positive predictive value*

Answer 49

the percentage of true-positives who test positive

Question 50

define *negative predictive value*

Answer 50

the percentage of true negatives who test negative

Question 51

what are some examples of conditions that need a test?

Answer 51

- colorectal cancer - flu - diabetes

Question 52

what are the types of physiological measurements?

Answer 52

- physical measurement - microbiological measurement

Question 53

what are the types of observational measurements?

Answer 53

- unstructured observation - structured observation

Question 54

what are the types of interviews?

Answer 54

- unstructured interview - structured interview

Question 55

what do unstructured observations involve?

Answer 55

an interaction to watch the participant perform in a specific setting

Question 56

what do structured observations entail?

Answer 56

- the researcher carefully defining what they need to observe - how these observations are going to be quantified

Question 57

how can researchers structure their observations?

Answer 57

develop a category system for organizing & sorting the behaviors or events being observed

Question 58

what are the types of scales?

Answer 58

- rating scales - Likert Scale - visual analog scales

Question 59

what is the most common scale?

Answer 59

Likert Scale

Question 60

what is the data collection process?

Answer 60

the process of acquiring subjects & collecting study data

Question 61

describe the content of an unstructured interview

Answer 61

it is controlled by the study participants

Question 62

describe the content of a structured interview

Answer 62

- it is similar to a questionnaire - responses to questions are carefully designed by the researcher

Question 63

what is a questionnaire?

Answer 63

a self-report form designed to elicit information through written, verbal, or electronic responses

Question 64

in which type of study are questionnaires often used?

Answer 64

descriptive study

Question 65

what is the Likert Scale designed for?

Answer 65

to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects

Question 66

what is the Visual Analog Scale used for?

Answer 66

to measure the strength, magnitude, or intensity of subjective feelings

Question 67

define administrative data

Answer 67

data collected within clinical agencies by different people in different sites using different methods