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N3 EBP > Exam 2 - Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages in data analysis?

A
  1. prepare data for analysis
  2. describe the sample
  3. test reliability of measurement methods
  4. conduct exploratory analysis
  5. conduct confirmatory analysis
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2
Q

what does probability theory entail?

A
  • explains the extent of a relationship between variables
  • the probability that an event can be accurately predicted
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3
Q

decision theory is best used under which circumstance?

A

when testing for differences between groups of the same population

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4
Q

define normal curve

A

it is the theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population

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5
Q

define level of statistical significance

A

the level at which the statistical results indicate a significant difference between groups

also called alpha or cutoff point

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6
Q

mode, mean, and median are equal in a normal distribution curve

A

true

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7
Q

what does the theory of normal curve state?

A

any data score will be within a certain range of a mean value

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8
Q

define inference

A

a conclusion or judgment made based on evidence

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9
Q

what is the two-tailed test of significance?

A

the analysis of a nondirectional hypothesis

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9
Q

what are the components of a one-tailed test of significance?

A
  • directional hypothesis
  • extreme statistical values in a single tail that occur are of interest
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10
Q

one-tailed tests are more powerful than two-tailed tests

A

true

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11
Q

what is a type I error?

A

null hypothesis is wrongfully rejected

similar to wrongful accusation

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12
Q

how does type I error occur?

A

results wrongfully indicate there is significant difference

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12
Q

reliability is a result of consistency

A

true

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13
Q

validity is a result of accuracy

A

true

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14
Q

data saturation is associated with qualitative studies

A

true

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15
Q

power analysis is associated with quantitative analysis

A

true

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16
Q

how does type II error occur?

A

the null hypothesis is regarded as true but is in fact false

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17
Q

what does power mean in research?

A

the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference

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18
Q

what are the 4 parameters of a power analysis?

A
  1. power
  2. level of significance
  3. effect size
  4. sample size
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19
Q

define effect size

A
  • the degree to which the phenomenon is present in the population
  • the degree to which the null hypothesis is false
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20
Q

what are the types of statistics in research?

A
  • descriptive
  • inferential
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21
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A

these are summary statistics that allow the researcher to organize data in ways that give meaning

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22
Q

what do inferential statistics entail?

A

addresses objectives, questions, and hypotheses to allow inference from the study sample to the target population

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23
Q

what are the 3 things that inferential statistics assist in?

A
  • identifying relationships
  • examining predictions
  • determining differences between groups in studies
24
Q

what is another name for descriptive statistics?

A

summary statistics

25
Q

analysis in simple descriptive studies is only limited to descriptive statistics

A

true

26
Q

what are the measures of dispersion?

A
  • range
  • variance
  • standard deviation
  • confidence interval
  • standardized scores
  • scatterplots
27
Q

what are the types of frequency distributions?

A
  • ungrouped
  • grouped
  • percentage
28
Q

what does frequency distribution describe?

A

the occurrence of scores or categories in a study

29
Q

what are the types of inferential statistics?

A
  • Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
  • Factor Analysis
  • Regression Analysis
  • Chi-square
  • t-Test
  • Analysis of Variance
30
Q

what does the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation test for?

A

the presence of a relationship between two variables

31
Q

what are the results that Pearson present?

A
  • nature of the relationship between two variables (positive / negative)
  • magnitude of the relationship (-1 to +1)
  • the significance of a correlation coefficient
32
Q

what does the r value indicate?

A

the degree of relationship between the two variables

33
Q

what is a significant characteristic of PPMC?

A

it is symmetrical

34
Q

define symmetrical

A

the analysis does not identify a direction of the relationship

35
Q

why is regression analysis used?

A

to predict the value of one variable based on the value of other variables

36
Q

what is the variable that is predicted in a regression analysis?

A

dependent variable

37
Q

post-hoc analyses are only conducted with how many groups in a study?

A

three groups are more

38
Q

what does the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) entail?

A

tests for differences between variance in 3 groups or more

39
Q

why is ANOVA more flexible than other types of analysis?

A

it can examine data from 3 or more groups

40
Q

what does t-Test entail?

A

testing for significant differences between two samples only

41
Q

what is the most commonly used test of differences?

A

t-Test

42
Q

chi-square test is best used for which type of data?

A
  • nominal
  • ordinal
43
Q

what does the chi-square test need in order to be effective?

A

expected and observed frequencies

44
Q

what does the chi-square test determine?

A

whether two variables are independent or related

45
Q

how can you decrease the risk of a type II error?

A

use large sample sizes

46
Q

which types of measurement works well with t-Test?

A
  • ratio
  • interval
47
Q

what is the purpose of an analysis?

A

examine differences among the groups included in a study

48
Q

which type of data is used for ungrouped frequency distribution?

A

discrete data

49
Q

which type of data is used for grouped frequency distribution?

A

continuous data

50
Q

examples of discrete data

A
  • age
  • marital status
  • gender
  • ethnicity
51
Q

examples of continuous data

A
  • temperature
  • vital lung capacity
  • weight
  • scale
  • time
52
Q

how is range obtained?

A

subtract the lowest score from the highest score

53
Q

what does variance indicate?

A

the spread or dispersion of scores (that are calculated in a study)

54
Q

what is standard deviation?

A
  • the square root of the variance
  • the average difference value
55
Q

what is confidence interval?

A

the probability of including the value of the population within an interval estimate

56
Q

what does the confidence interval calculate?

A

upper and lower ends of an interval

57
Q

what are standardized scores?

A

numbers that make sense only within the framework of measurements used within a specific study

58
Q

what does a z-score express?

A

deviations from the mean in terms of standard deviation units

59
Q

what does a scatterplot illustrate?

A
  • the dispersion of variables
  • the relationship between values on different variables

N3 EBP (14 decks)

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