Exam 2 Chapter 5

Question 1

Twin studies and environment vs genes (3)

Answer 1

1) Greater correspondence between mono/dizygotic twins, and greater difference between dizygotic and siblings.
2) Genetics and environment both were contributing factors to sex-typed behavior, but genetic was stronger for F
3) Atypical behavior was moderately genetic, substantially environmental, also stronger for F

Question 2

What is an argument for environment and twins?

Answer 2

Identical twins are put into an environment that looks specifically and similarities (self-fufulling prophecy)

Question 3

Aggression and Biology (2)

Answer 3

1) Monozygotic are more likely than dizygotic,

2) Genetics accounted for 40% of antisocial behavior (delinquency, criminal behavior, behavioral aggression)

Question 4

Adoption studies and bio

Answer 4

Bio rather than adopted show greater similarity in family functioning and antisocial behavior

Question 5

Sex-related chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 5

An extra y chromosome on men might be at fault, but prison population doesn’t have extra y chromosome and parents who know may be biased

Question 6

Conditions where there is some inconsistency between chromosomal sex and phenotypical sex

Answer 6

Intersex conditions (ambitious, or pats)

Question 7

Genetic disorder resulting from a malfunction in the adrenal gland that results in prenatal exposure to high levels of hormones and lack of cortisol

Answer 7

(CAH) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Question 8

CAH affects on gender (1, spatial and facial, 2, social behavior)

Answer 8

1) F who are exposed have better spatial skills, but boys with CAH have worse. CAH females and non CAH males are similar in response to facial emotions
2) CAH girls and males are similar in high aggression, CAH males and non no difference, same effect with CAH females and male toys

Question 9

CAH and homosexuality

Answer 9

CAH majority is hetero but the degree of exposure is whats linked to homo, and none of this seems to be associated with gender identity problems

Question 10

CAH and spatial skills explanation (3)

Answer 10

1) Self fulfilling prophecy- parents expect high levels of androgens and provide masculine toys.
2) Androgens promote active behavior which can lead to sports (masculine)
3) Androgens can affect areas of the brain that are linked to spatial skills, masculine behavior, and sexual orientation

Question 11

What are three links to higher testosterone in prenatal amniotic fluid? (3)

Answer 11

1) Male typical play behavior in f and m
2) greater lateralization of language in m and f
3) less empathy

Question 12

Testosterone applied to healthy women in study did _____

Answer 12

improved mental rotation

Question 13

Men who received testosterone in economics game were_____

Answer 13

less generous, and higher levels of punishment w/ competitor

Question 14

CAIS (Androgen insensitivity) and normal f

Answer 14

no difference in gender related or personality traits. This case supports that hormones override genetics (cut out testes keep vag)

Question 15

Estrogen studies and prenatal exposure

Answer 15

There seems to be no difference, however, more exposure has larger effect. Also there are different critical periods. M may feel the overwhelming pressure to adhere to M role

Question 16

Hemispheres of brain F and M

Answer 16

Women’s brains are more bilateral (easy to cross over), men are more lateralized (distinct functions)

Question 17

Corpus Callosum and Gender

Answer 17

Women might have a larger one than men

Question 18

Hypothalamic Nucleus and Gender Identity

Answer 18

M to F trans had this more similar to F

Question 19

Although the differences are not 100% twin studies show genes play a role in ____, _____,and _____.

Answer 19

Sex differences, gender-related behavior, social behavior

Question 20

The strongest evidence for links of sex hormones to cognition and behavior is in research that has show

Answer 20

Prenatal exposure to male hormones (androgens) is associated with enhanced spatial skills and male gender-role behavior in women

Question 21

The major problem with most studies in the relations of hormones to behavior are

Answer 21

Correlational, thus cause and effect cannot be established. Some recent studies have begun to manipulate hormones, specifically testosterone

Question 22

Studies of the brain have shown sex differences in

Answer 22

Structure

Question 23

In sum, biological theories leave open to the explanation that

Answer 23

There is much variability in the behavior of M and F

Question 24

According to evolutionary psych, men act to ensure ___ and women to ____

Answer 24

Paternity, survive

Question 25

Ev. Psych states that successful reproduction for M is to and F is __. How is this contradicted (2)?

Answer 25

Men for fertilize as many (young) women to pick good father. Research shows similar sex partners and both preferring long lasting relationship. Also people have sex without reproduction

Question 26

Aggression and evolution

Answer 26

Aggression is substantial, consistent, and most prominent in young men when in most competition. Criminal rates are the same in divorced, single men. Most crimes are about dominance or status and it is unclear whether women are a factor. Young women more likely and spouses than blood relatives. Stepparents abuse instead of blood

Question 27

Hunter Gatherer Society

Answer 27

Men had to be more aggressive to hunt and spatial skills and geographic knowledge explained and women object location for house skills

Question 28

What are two limitations of evolution and psychology

Answer 28

Homosexuality, adoption, and suicide, individual or cultural differences in behavior

Question 29

Evolutionary psych is (i…)

Answer 29

Interactionalistic, cultural factors can override earlier evolved tendencies

Question 30

Develops within 3-6 years of age, and boys and girls discover their genitals and become aware that only boys have a penis

Answer 30

Phallic stage

Question 31

Boys fear castration from fathers and learn to repress feelings towards mother and shift identification to fathers

Answer 31

Oedipal complex

Question 32

Girls are sexually attracted to their fathers and blame their mothers for a lack of penis

Answer 32

Electra complex

Question 33

Why is it harder to overcome the Electra complex rather than oedipal?

Answer 33

Because men have a greater threat and women are of inferior status

Question 34

What are two criticisms of Freud

Answer 34

1, he works on the unconscious | 2, studies participants had sought Freud out for therapy

Question 35

How did Horney differ from Freud (5)

Answer 35

She argued that it was social rather than biological, that the envy was for the power of men not penis, and that men envy breasts the ability to bear children. She also believed men perceive women to be inferior to elevate status and men need to prove masculinity through intercourse

Question 36

What is the object relations theory

Answer 36

Family structure and child’s early social experiences rather than unconscious determine sexuality. Women are caretakers and therefore primarily responsible for gender roles. Applicable to both M and F

Question 37

According to Chodorow how do girls acquire their gender identity?

Answer 37

Girls connect with who they’ve already attached to-mom. This explains why females focus o f relationships and define through connection with others. Later girls have trouble finding connection with men

Question 38

According to Chodorow, how do boys acquire gender identity?

Answer 38

Boys reject the one who they have been attached to (individuating self from mom) Males learn to repress and define themselves through separation . They are masculine defined by not being feminine

Question 39

How can gender roles change according to Chod

Answer 39

Men become caretakers

Question 40

What are two reasons social factors play a role in cognition?

Answer 40

1) sex differences in math and science achievement may differ across cultures 2) sex differences in math have decreased over time

Question 41

We learn behavior is modeled and reinforced

Answer 41

Social learning theory

Question 42

Tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes, and emotional responses exhibited by real-life or symbolic models

Answer 42

Modeling, or observational learning

Question 43

What are some supporting reasons for modeling aggressive behavior in men?

Answer 43

All video game characters are aggressive, M toys commercials and not F are aggressive, copycat killings

Question 44

Why do people imitate aggressive behavior (2)?

Answer 44

It’s modeled to be appropriate, and it’s cognitively accessible

Question 45

How does SLT provide for future research?

Answer 45

It shows that it’s teachable, and that environment has a large influence. Furthermore boys are better because they do more things with spatial ability

Question 46

Reinforcement and aggression

Answer 46

More likely to be reinforced in M than F, even a smile or – punishment is still reinforcement, best option is to ignore

Question 47

We model who? (3)

Answer 47

Same sex models with gender congruent behavior Models who are reinforced Models we like

Question 48

Different people and objects in a child’s environment provide rewards and and models that shape behavior to fit gender role norms

Answer 48

Gender-role socialization

Question 49

What are the indirect and direct forms of gender role socialization

Answer 49

In-modeling, direct- reinforcement

Question 50

Response bias in gender role socialization of appearance

Answer 50

When spatial skills identified as measuring empathy FF did better and when spatial skills MF did better

Question 51

As far as emotion F intend to _______ and males_____

Answer 51

Strengthen relationships, have power

Question 52

Individualistic and Collectivist cultures and sex differences

Answer 52

Individualistic more differences, collectivist less

Question 53

Parents treat sons and daughters more or less similar

Answer 53

More similar than different

Question 54

How do parents treat F and M differently and with what age? (3)

Answer 54

Sex-typed toys, communicate differently with respect to emotions and younger children, because after awhile they react to individual components

Question 55

Parents, neighbors, tv as social agents

Answer 55

Parents are less likely to be an influence because they acquire individuating info and the others are stronger social agents

Question 56

Toys and cognition

Answer 56

Masculine toys have edu value so it may have impact on cognition

Question 57

States that the roles that society assigns F and M are responsible for gender roles

Answer 57

Social Role Theory (bio is contributes)

Question 58

Men’s role outside of home is to foster____ and women to foster_____

Answer 58

Agency, communion

Question 59

Cross cultural research shows that ______. Younger children and F foster and boys with older fosters

Answer 59

Boys and girls are assigned different roles and that they lead to sex-typed behavior Nurturance, egotistic dominance

Question 60

Emphasizes the role that the child plays in interpreting the world. Child is active agents in gender role acquisition

Answer 60

Cognitive development theory

Question 61

How does CDT support changing gender roles?

Answer 61

Its superficial. Long hair is girl whether M or F so it can change

Question 62

Preference for the group to which one belongs

Answer 62

Evaluative

Question 63

Learn about one’s own category and identify how two categories differ

Answer 63

Motivational

Question 64

Limitation of Kohlberg

Answer 64

Gender constancy must be est. first but studies show that this was false

Question 65

What are the two stages of CDT

Answer 65

Gender identity then constancy

Question 66

Combines elements of SLT and CDT by recognizing that the child and the environment interact with one another to produce gender roles

Answer 66

Social Cognitive Theory

Question 67

Explains how content of gender schema is acquired

Answer 67

SLT

Question 68

Explains how people use schema to guide behavior

Answer 68

CDT

Question 69

Relies on other categories besides gender to interpret the world

Answer 69

Aschematic people

Question 70

Emphasizes the more proximal causes of sex differences, highlighting impact of situation

Answer 70

Deaux and Major model

Question 71

Perceivers influence

Answer 71

Whether sex differences are observed through cognitive and behavioral confirmation

Question 72

Whether sex differences are observed through self-verification and self-presentation

Answer 72

Targets influence

Question 73

Features of the sit that influence the observance of sex differences are

Answer 73

Behavioral constraints, whether the sit calls for self-presentation, and the strength of ones views on the subject of interest

Question 74

Process by which a perceivers expectation actually alters the targets behavior so the target comes to confirm the perceivers expectancy

Answer 74

Behavioral Confirmation

Question 75

Idea that individuals see what they want to see

Answer 75

Cognitive confirmation

Question 76

Someone who does not use the gender category as a guiding principle in behavior or as a guiding principle in behavior or as a way of processing

Answer 76

Gender Aschematic

Question 77

Label determined by biological sex that is applied to either self or other people

Answer 77

Gender identity

Question 78

Categorization of the self as male or female and the realization that this category cannot be changed

Answer 78

Gender constancy

Question 79

Categorization of the self as male or female and the realization that this category cannot be changed

Answer 79

Gender constancy

Question 80

Stereotypical enactment of male and female roles in romantic relationships

Answer 80

Heterosexual script

Question 81

Conditions in which chromosomal sex does not correspond the phenotypic sec or there is an inconsistence within phenotypic sex

Answer 81

Intersex conditions

Question 82

Localization of ability in one hemisphere of brain

Answer 82

Lateralization

Question 83

Image of masculinity upheld by society that consists of toughness, dominance, emotional detachment, callousness towards women, eagerness o seek out danger, and competition

Answer 83

Masculine mystique

Question 84

Aggressive behavior that is planned and socially motivated

Answer 84

Proactive aggression

Question 85

Aggressive behavior that takes the form of an angry, impulsive response to threat or provocation

Answer 85

Reactive aggression

Question 86

Category that contains info about the features of the cat as well as its association with other categories

Answer 86

Schema

Question 87

Variable that describes the extent to which one is more concerned with self presentation or self verification

Answer 87

Self monitoring

Question 88

Concern individuals have with how their behavior appears to others

Answer 88

Self presentation

Question 89

Concern individuals have with behaving in ways consistent with their self concepts

Answer 89

Self verification

Question 90

States that cognitive development is one factor in gender role acquisition but there are social influences as well

Answer 90

Social Cognitive theory