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Life Span Development PSYC > Exam 2 (chapters 7-12) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (chapters 7-12) Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

What is physical growth?

A

Changes in height and weight and are slower in preschool years than in infancy.
Bodies become more proportional.

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2
Q

What are some influences on physical growth and health?

A

Heredity and hormones
Nutrition
Illness
Injury

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3
Q

Heredity?

A

Children’s physical size and growth are related to those of their parents.

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4
Q

Hormones?

A

The pituitary gland releases hormones that induce growth.

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5
Q

Nutrition?

A

Many children become picky eaters
A nutritionally deficient diet is associated with cognitive deficits and behavioral problems

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6
Q

Illness?

A

The majority of US preschoolers are reasonably healthy
Minor illness help build immunity and empathy

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7
Q

Injury?

A

Accidents are the leading cause of death in the industrialized nations
Factors related to
Lack of judgment
Gender, boys
Temperament
Poverty

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8
Q

Lateralization?

A

The process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other, becomes more pronounced during the preschool years.

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9
Q

Cerebellum?

A

AIDS in balance and control of body movements

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10
Q

Reticular formation?

A

Maintains alertness and consciousness

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11
Q

Hippocampus?

A

Memory

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12
Q

What is the pre operational stage?

A

The second stage of Piaget theory
2 to 7
Better able to use symbols

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13
Q

Egocentrism?

A

The inability to distinguish between one’s perspective and someone else’s perspective

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14
Q

Animism?

A

A belief that inanimate objects have lifeline qualities

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15
Q

Centration?

A

Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

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16
Q

Autobiographical memory?

A

Memory of particular events from one’s own life emerges during this period

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17
Q

What is sociocultural perspective, vygotsky?

A

Children advance when working with someone more skilled

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18
Q

Zone of proximal development?

A

The difference between what one can do with assistance and what one can do alone

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19
Q

Scaffolding?

A

Teacher matched assistance to learners needs

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20
Q

Private speech?

A

Comments used to regulate own behavior

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21
Q

When is word learning?

A

Early on 12 months, slow
By 18 months naming exploding, vocabulary rapidly expands

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22
Q

Fast mapping?

A

Preschoolers will use this to gain new words that are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter

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23
Q

What age do children produce longer sentences?

A

By 2

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24
Q

Grammatical morphemes?

A

A minimal unit of meaning

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25
Child center programs?
Learning takes place through play
26
Academic programs?
Teachers structure children’s learning of a academic skill through lessons
27
Self concept in preschool?
A set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
28
Preschoolers self concept includes?
Physical characteristics, preferences, possessions, competencies
29
Collectivistic orientation?
Promotes interdependence
30
Individualistic orientation?
Emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
31
Parallel play?
Play alone but interested in what others are doing
32
Associative play?
Engage in similar activities and offer each other toys
33
Cooperative play?
Organize play around a theme and take on roles based on the theme House Doctor School
34
What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?
Degree of warmth and responsiveness And Control
35
Authoritarian parent?
High control with little warmth
36
Authoritative parenting?
Typically best A fair degree of control and warmth
37
Permissive parenting?
Warm but little control
38
Uninvolved parenting?
No warmth or control
39
Types of maltreatment?
Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Psychological Abuse
40
What are the consequences of maltreatment?
Development is distributed A cycle of violence hypothesis
41
Moral development?
Refers to change in peoples sense of justice and of what is right and wrong and in their behavior related to moral issues
42
Piaget stage theory stage 1?
No well defined ideas about morality
43
Piaget stage theory stage 2?
Believe that rules are created by adults and they must be followed
44
Immanent Justice?
That idea that breaking a rule always leads to punishment
45
Piaget stage theory stage 3?
Understand that rules are created to help people get along
46
Aggression?
Behavior meant to harm others
47
Instrumental aggression?
Use aggression to achieve an explicit goal
48
Hostile aggression?
Use aggression to intimidate harass or humiliate others
49
Reactive aggression?
One’s behavior leads to another’s aggression
50
Relational aggression
Girls, undermining of social relationships
51
What are the roots of aggression?
Parents approach to discipline and exposure to violence on the media
52
Overweight children often?
Have lower self esteem and are at risk for medical problems
53
What are contributors to childhood obesity?
Heredity Environment Parents
54
What is one of the most common illnesses experienced during middle childhood?
Asthma
55
What factors contribute to asthma?
Heredity Environmental factors
56
The rate of injury increased or decreased?
Increased
57
Learning disabilities are characterized by?
Difficulty mastering an academic subject Normal intelligence Not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance
58
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD.
Inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity More in boys Heredity and environmental factors
59
What are some treatments for adhd?
Drug therapy Behavior Therapy
60
Piaget concrete operational stage?
7-11 Begin to use mental operations, strategies and rules Limited to the tangible and real
61
Information processing in middle childhood?
Memory improves significantly and begin to use memory strategies
62
Rehearsal?
Involves repeating the information to oneself
63
Organizations?
Strict material so that related information is placed together
64
Emergent literacy?
Knowledge about literacy that children acquire before learning to read
65
Phonological awareness?
Ability to heard distinctive sounds of letters
66
Influences on reading achievement?
Phonological awareness Environment Socioeconomic status
67
Dyslexia?
Characteristics by problems such as letter reversals, slow reading, and reduced comprehension
68
Potential causes of dyslexia?
Phonological processing Heredity Neurological problem
69
Phonics?
Focuses on letter names, then letter sounds, and then syllables and words
70
Whole word?
Recognize whole words on sight
71
Whole language?
Immerses child language
72
Intelligence?
The ability to solve problems and to adapt to learn from experience
73
Wechsler intelligence scale for children WISC?
Used with 6-16 year olds Tests verbal ability and performance
74
Fluid intelligence?
Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities reasoning and memory
75
Crystallized intelligence?
Accumulated intelligence
76
Levels of intellectual disability?
Profound Severe Moderate Mild
77
IQ scores higher then 130 is?
Giftedness
78
Self consent becomes more complex and includes?
Membership in social groups Social comparisons
79
Self esteem?
Refers to a persons judgment and feeling about his or hers own worth
80
Kohlberg moral reasoning?
Pre conventional, punishment and rewards Conventional, rules and approval of others Post conventional, abstract principles
81
Gender self segregation?
Peer group interactions in middle childhood are gender segregated
82
Sibling rivalry?
When siblings compete or quarrel with one another, tends to increase in middle school
83
The impact of divorce?
Changes in family life that affect children After 2 years the children begin to adjust
84
Adolescence?
Is the developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood
85
Puberty?
Is the period during which the sexual organs mature
86
Puberty is earlier for which gender?
Girls
87
Primary sex characteristics?
Refer to organs that are directly involved in reproduction
88
Secondary sex characteristics?
Physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to the reproductive organs
89
Anorexia nervosa?
Marked by refusal to eat and an irrational fear if being overweight
90
Bulimia nervosa?
Alternate between binge eating and purging
91
Both anorexia and bulimia?
Primarily affect females Emerge in adolescence Risk factors, heredity, over concerned about body and weight
92
Adolescent egocentrism?
Self absorption
93
Imaginary audience?
Belief that others are constantly watching
94
Personal fable?
A belief that experiences and feelings are unique
95
Reasons for using drugs?
Effects from using them Escape from everyday life Thrill seeking Enhance academic performance
96
STI
sexually transmitted infection is an infection that is spread through sexual contact AIDS are deadly Most common is HPV
97
Self concept in adolescence?
Attitudes Personality traits Situation specific and role specific personality traits and behaviors
98
Diffusion?
Not committed to an identity and not searching
99
Foreclosure?
Committed to an identity without searching first
100
Moratorium?
Not committed to an identity but exploring options
101
Achievement?
Have chosen an identity after a period of searching
102
Phases of achieving identity?
Most adolescents are in a state of diffusion or foreclosure
103
Depression in adolescence?
Involves feeling sad, frustrated, hopeless about life
104
Factors that relate to depression?
Heredity and biology Serious loss ,disappointment, failure Gender
105
Suicide?
One of the leading causes of death for adolescents
106
Factors related to suicide?
Gender Depression Family conflict and relationship difficulties Exposure to the suicides of others
107
Generation gap?
Divided between parents and children in attitudes and valves Most adolescents and their parents get along well
108
Cliques?
A group of 4 to 6 kids who are friends similar interests
109
Crowds?
Larger mixed sex groups Jocks Nerds Popular
110
Peer pressure?
Is the influence of one peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes
111
Delinquency?
Refers to adolescent behavior that violates the law
112
Childhood onset delinquency?
Begins in childhood before 10 and includes high levels of aggression disobedience and threatening behavior
113
Adolescent one set delinquency?
11 or older problems are milder
114
Teenage pregnancy has delinced why?
Comprehensive sex education programs Celine in sexual intercourse Use of contraception Substitute for sexual intercourse may be more patient

Life Span Development PSYC (2 decks)

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