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Cognitve Psychology > Exam 2 Cognitive > Flashcards

Exam 2 Cognitive Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Bierdman (1987,1990)

A

Recognition by components (RBC) -break up objects into components

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2
Q

Geons

A

Either 2D or 3D forms like cylinders and cones and that is how some objects are represented as that.

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3
Q

RBC Evidence

A
  1. Vertices seem to be critical
  2. Place where lines intersect
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4
Q

Shortcomings of RBC

A

Incomplete: ties exclusively to bottom-up processing, whole-image processing occurs

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5
Q

Multiple views

A
  1. Store multiple copies of objects
  2. Each copy is a different orientation
  3. Speed of recognition will be a view-point dependent
    ** most of us have canonical view of objects
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6
Q

Embodiment

A

Structure of our bodies and how we interact with the world, influence how we think (mirror neurons)

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7
Q

Tracker and Ellis (1998)

A

Object recognition is largely influences by how we interact with that object in our environment

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8
Q

Agnosia

A
  1. Failure or deficit in recognizing objects
  2. Components aren’t synthesized to the whole
  3. Cannot connect whole to meaning
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9
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  1. Disruption of face recognition
    -damage to the fusiform gyrus in ventral stream (what path way)
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10
Q

Inversion effect

A

Recognition impaired if faces are inverted

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11
Q

FFA (Fusiform Face Area)

A

1.Responds specifically to faces
2.Region’s specificity is debated int he literature
3. Also active differentiating similar animals, cars

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12
Q

Face recognition

A

Requires holistic perception (Holistic perception is the fusion of the whole with its constituent parts and with everything which pertains to it.)
Placement of features
Distance between features

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13
Q

Attention as a Limited Resource

A

Fuel for cognitive processing
Attentional resources need to be allocated to tasks

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14
Q

Input Attentional Process

A

Fast, low levels of information, and reflexive or automatic processing
1. Alertness and arousal
2. Orienting reflex and attentional capture
3. Spotlight of attention

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15
Q

Alertness and Arousal

A

Vigilance or sustained attention
1. Maintenance of attention for infrequent events over long period of time
2. Research began in WW2 for this

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16
Q

Vigilance

A

Def: the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties
Decline in vigilance around 20-35 minutes
1. Deficient strongest in Denison making, not necessarily noticing things
2. Temperature , level of arousal, drugs affect vigilance

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17
Q

Sustained attention

A

Sustained attention can be explicit or implicit
Explicit: conscious awareness of task and outcome (Ex: memory test)
Implicit: processing without need for conscious awareness (Ex: faster reading time after first pass)

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18
Q

Word stem completion

A

Word being presented before surgery, another different word during surgery and after asked to complete the word stem with words you you do not remember hearing.

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19
Q

Orienting reflex:

A

Reflex redirection of attention toward unexpected stimulus
-immediate focus to unexpected event
(Protection form danger) - Dorsal stream (Temporal-Parietal Junction)
-Cowan (1995): orienting so we can evaluate the relevance of the information

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20
Q

Attentional capture

A

Spontaneous redirection of attention to stimuli in the world based on physical characteristics

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21
Q

Spotlight of attention

A

-attention-focusing mechanism that prepares you to encode stimulus information (voluntary)
-Spotlight doe not sweep around, it jumps from place to place
*width of spotlight can change

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22
Q

Visual Search

A

Feature search: Fast, pop-out effect
*parallel search for features
Conjunction Search: Slow and effortful
*serial search of multiple features

-Aided by inhibition of return
~recently checked locations are inhibited by attention
~top-down processing can facilitate search as well

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23
Q

Input attention

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A

-Is fast and automatic
(Pop-out effect)

24
Q

Controlled Attention

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A

-slow and effortful
(Conjunction search)

25
Attentional deficits
1. Unilateral neglect syndrome -brain damage that results in lost of attention to half of the visual field -right hemisphere damaged, left visual field becomes impaired -vision is still intact, the perception is lost
26
Controlled attention
Deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration A decision is made regarding what to pay attention to (Selective attention is of primary interest) attend to one source of information. While ignoring others
27
Inhibition
Another buffer for attending to information - actively suppress mental representation of info below a baseline level
28
Tipper (1985)
-pairs of red and green images -important trial: when the target of a trial is presented in ignored color just one trial before
29
Negative Priming
In addition to searching for red object, information of other object is still processed - both mental representations are activated -green object is inhibited (suppressed) -talked longer to activate suppressed information
30
Attentional blink
1. Psychological refractory period 2. Slow down in processing due to having processed another very recent event 3. Attending to omit in in the display depletes those resources
31
Automaticity in processing
Strop task (strop 1935) Color recognition and word recognition are filariasis automatic processes Inhibiting one automatic process is difficult to achieve
32
Posner and Snyders critieria:
1. Occurs without intention 2. Not open to awareness or introspection 3. Consumes few resources 4. Rapid (<1 second)
33
Controlled processing
Conceptually driven processes inform processing -practice with activities will lessen attentional demand -however, with greater automaticity comes certain disadvantages in processing
34
Disadvantage to automaticity
Action slips: unintended often automatic actions that are inappropriate for the situation
35
Clive wearing
Has chronic anterograde and retrograde amnesia, lacks ability to form new memories and cannot recall parts of his memories frequently believing that has only awoken from a comatose state
36
Short Term memory
1. Input and storage of new information 2. 15-20 seconds in duration, little transfer to long term memory -memory and attention for the immediately present moment -mental process are automatic and unconscious -STM though to roughly describe what conscious awareness is
37
Working memory
Mental workbench, mental black board Can pull inform from LTM to manipulate or combine with new information *a state of information (NOT a location or source of storage) Limited capacity Active thought engages working memory
38
The Modal Model
Incoming info-sensory memory-short term memory (can be lost or into long-term memory) STM maintained via rehearsal, stays in LTM via retrieval
39
Limited capacity bottleneck
Miller (1956) magic # 7 +-2: some limits on our capacity for processing information *generally able to remember only around 7 items UPDATED: (Cowan 2010) 4 +-1 -Suggests a processing/storage bottleneck
40
Bottleneck can be overcome:
Chunk: richer, more complex memory item Recoding: grouping items together, then remember the groups
41
Forgetting from STM
Like iconic or echoic memory, STM can degrade with time
42
Brown-Peterson Task
Trigrams (Ex: MHA) presented for memory storage 3-digit number also provided Remember trigram after counting backwards from number by the threes
43
Waugh and Norman 1965
The distractor task (counting backwards by threes) might be a source of interference More numbers spoken (longer time), then more interference *number of interfering items before recall led to worse performance Suggest that the B-P task taps into interference stead of simple decay
44
Proactive Interference
Recall becomes more difficult in the future excuses previous trials generate interferences Brown-Peterson task is PI
45
Retroactive interference
-newer material interferes backwards in time with recollection of older items -remembering a new password will interfere with memory for an older one
46
Release from PI
Brown-Peterson task results are due to proactive interference -release is when accuracy is restored in recall when the category of the list changes content *when he change is semantic or meaning based
47
Serial Position effect
Tendency of a person to recall the fist and last series 2 effects primacy effect and recency effect *better memory in slow presentation of info More rehearsal more remembered
48
Primacy Effect
better memory for first few items relative to middle -long-term memory
49
Recency effect
Better memory for last few items *working memory -last words heard are still active in attention
50
Baddeleys WM model
System of different components of working memory
51
Bradley’s mode (Phonological Loop)
-responsible for language-based information -rehearsal of words in lists * driven by articulatory rehearsal look (active refreshing of information in the PL *supression effect (poorer memory for words if also speaking out loud during learning) *similarity effect (poorer memory for words that are phonologically similar than dissimilar -passive store of verbal information (phonological store)
52
Baddeleys WM model (Visuospatial Sketchpad)
-responsible for visual and spatial information -storage for visual dimensions of the world -mental rotation, boundary extension, representational momentum
53
Baddeleys WM (Central executive)
-info integration, planning, manipulation of info -the manager of the system -has command over actions of the auxiliary systems
54
Baddeley’s WM Model (Episodic Buffer)
1. Different sources are bound to form new episodic memories 2. Integration of LTM and WM 3. Provides context for the episode
55
Dual-task experiment
Primary and secondary task performances Primary: greatest interest Secondary: consumes resources of one WM component

Cognitve Psychology (2 decks)

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