Exam 2 (Electrolytes, Acid-Base)

Question 1

List the 4 main electrolytes:

Answer 1

• Sodium
• Potassium
• Chloride
• Bicarbonate

Question 2

List the 4 ‘other’ electrolytes:

Answer 2

• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Phosphorous
• Lactate

Question 3

_____ play a key role in maintaining electrolyte balance:

Answer 3

Kidneys

Question 4

Water follows ____:

Answer 4

Sodium

Question 5

Na and ____ move together:

Answer 5

Cl

Question 6

___ and ___ aid in buffering blood:

Answer 6

K and H

Question 7

Reabsorption of water depends on ______:

Answer 7

osmolality

Question 8

These are defined as positive and negative charged ions found in ECF and ICF:

Answer 8

electrolytes

Question 9

_____are negatively charged:

Answer 9

Anion

Question 10

_____are positively charged:

Answer 10

Cations

Question 11

What is the main cation in ECF:

Answer 11

Na

Question 12

Na is exchanged for H here:

Answer 12

in renal tubules

Question 13

This makes up 90% of all ECF cations:

Answer 13

Na

Question 14

Variations in sodium levels can cause ____ and _____:

Answer 14

altered mental state

seizures

Question 15

Hyponatremia is confirmed by ______ osmolality:

Answer 15

decreased

Question 16

In hyponatremia, what two hormones will be released and why:

Answer 16

• aldosterone: kidney will reatin Na

* ADH: Kidney will conserve H20

Question 17

In hypernatremia, what hormone is released and why:

Answer 17

ANP: promotes Na excretion

Question 18

ANP would be released in this condition and why:

Answer 18

ANP released in hypernatremia to promote Na excretion

Question 19

What is the major cation in ICF:

Answer 19

K

Question 20

K concentration is ___x greater in the cell than out:

Answer 20

20 times greater

Question 21

Only __% of total body potassium is in plasma:

Answer 21

2% (the rest is intracellular)

Question 22

This electrolyte cation is important in cell metabolism and electrical activity of the body

Answer 22

Potassium

Question 23

This cation has a reciprocal relationship with H+ ions, and helps maintain acid-base balance:

Answer 23

Potassium

Question 24

Reference range for Na:

Answer 24

136 - 145 mmol/L

Question 25

Reference range for K:

Answer 25

3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L

Question 26

Is Na higher in ECF or ICF:

Answer 26

ECF | K is higher in ICF

Question 27

This is regulated via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and ATPase pump:

Answer 27

potassium

Question 28

This is the major anion in ECF:

Answer 28

Cl-

Question 29

The precise function of this ECF electrolyte is not well understood:

Answer 29

Cl-

Question 30

This ECF anion helps buffer exchange of O2 and CO2 in RBC's:

Answer 30

Cl-

Question 31

Cl is regulated via ____ and ____:

Answer 31

kidney and sweat glands

Question 32

____passively follows Na:

Answer 32

Cl

Question 33

Reference range for Cl:

Answer 33

98 - 107 mmol/L

Question 34

____ and _____ rise and fall together:

Answer 34

Na and Cl

Question 35

You would see_____ chloride in diabetes insipidus, dehydration, or salicylate toxicity:

Answer 35

hyperchloremia

Question 36

CO2 from cellular metabolism diffuses from tissues into plasma/RBC's, forms carbonic acid, which then dissociates. HCO3- leaves cell and is replaced by Cl- to maintain electric neutrality:

Answer 36

Chloride shift

Question 37

The reverse of the Chloride shift happens in the _____:

Answer 37

lungs | CO2 leaves cell, HCO3- leaves plasma to replace it, causing Cl to leave to replace it to maintain neutrality

Question 38

What is the second biggest anion in ECF:

Answer 38

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 39

What is increased/decreased levels of HCO3- called:

Answer 39

hyper/hypocapnea

Question 40

HCO3- contains 90% of total _____:

Answer 40

CO2

Question 41

Bicarb is converted to ___and ___ in the body and then ____:

Answer 41

CO2 and H20 | expired

Question 42

____ is an indirect measure of bicarb:

Answer 42

CO2

Question 43

Compensated _____ _____ will cause hypercapnea:

Answer 43

respiratory alkalosis

Question 44

Compensated ___ ____ will cause hypocapnea:

Answer 44

respiratory acidosis

Question 45

Hypocapnea results from _____ respiratory rate:

Answer 45

increased | breathing out CO2

Question 46

This is a measure of the difference in unmeasured anions and cations in blood:

Answer 46

Anion gap

Question 47

List the anion gap equation and reference range (without K):

Answer 47

Na - (Cl + HCO3) | Range: 8-16

Question 48

List the anion gap equation and reference range (with K):

Answer 48

(Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3) | Range: 12-20

Question 49

Increased anion gap, think this:

Answer 49

Slumped

Question 50

What does slumped stand for:

Answer 50

``` Salicylate intoxication Lactic acidosis Unmeasured anions Methanol Polyethylene Glycol Ethanol Diabetic ketoacidosis ```

Question 51

This is regulated by Vitamin D, PTH, and Calcitonin:

Answer 51

Calcium

Question 52

40% of calcium is bound to _____:

Answer 52

albumin

Question 53

T/F Calcium exists in multiple forms in the body:

Answer 53

True. (free, ionized) (bound to albumin) (complexed with anions)

Question 54

What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia:

Answer 54

hyperparathyroidism

Question 55

Very low levels of this electrolyte can cause tetany:

Answer 55

calcium

Question 56

How does hypomagnaesmia affect the ATPase pump:;

Answer 56

Leads to decreased K