Exam 2- foaling continued Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
How long should expulsion of the placenta take
A
Less than three hours
2
Q
Why do we tie the placenta up
A
It helps weigh the placenta down to be passed naturally- do not pull!
3
Q
What are the red flag in stage three
A
The placenta takes longer than three hours to pass or the chorion is on the outside
4
Q
What should the placental colors be
A
Chorion is red, allantois is pink
5
Q
Why do we weigh the placenta
A
A super heavy placenta is a sign of inflammation- it should be 10% or less of the foals body weight
6
Q
What do we look for health- wise on the placenta
A
look for healthy signs on the chorion surface and ensure the placenta is complete
7
Q
Gravid horn vs non gravid horn on the placenta
A
gravid horn is where the back legs of the foal were, should be thicker- non gravid horn is thinner
8
Q
Hippomane
A
An aggregation of minerals, feels like hard dough, free floating in the allantoic fluid
9
Q
Normal placental findings that lack villi
A
Cervical star, allantochorion pouch, insertion of cord
10
Q
Normal placental findings with villi
A
Appropriate autolysis, yolk sac remnants, allantoic pouch
11
Q
Appropriate autolysis
A
Shows on the placenta where it takes awhile to detach (bright red shows the area that last detached, first detached is brown
12
Q
Large avillous regions
A
happens in twin pregnancies where placentas are against each other- can also come from mare having uterine cysts
13
Q
o Abnormal Density of Villi
A
villi are not very dense- will impact the amount of nutrients foal will get- uterus is not healthy enough for villi to attach
14
Q
o Placentitis
A
- inflammation of the placenta (looking on chorion surface) looks like thick layer of snot on placenta- could be fungal or bacterial infection (low pregnancy rates and early abortion)
15
Q
Thickened Placenta
A
caused by fescue or placentitis
16
Q
Placental Hemorrhage
A
can be a sign of trauma during delivery- hematoma in allantois
17
Q
Meconium Staining of Amnion
A
foal poop in amnion-can be a sign of fetal distress- danger for the foal if inhaled (sets up for pneumonia) we assume its in foal lungs already
18
Q
Ascending placentitis
A
bacteria enters the vagina/cervix and affects the cervical star (foal exposed to bacteria) – can work its way backwards to the rest of the placenta
19
Q
Retained placenta
A
hasn’t passed in three hours
20
Q
Retained placenta treatment
A
give oxytocin injections on farm, causes contractions to release placenta- at three hours call the vet (lavage- stick a large tube in the placenta and blow it up enough so the microvilli will detach
21
Q
Concerns of retained placenta
A
Laminitis- Mare will go on antibiotics and laminitis prevention (ice boots on mare- replace every 1-4 hours)
22
Q
Rare delivery complication- Uterine tear
A
tearing of the uterus- can be repaired surgically
23
Q
Rare delivery complication- Hemmorage
A
artery wall gets weakened and ruptures during delivery (if a mare is hemorrhaging you do not see blood its internal bleeding) look at mucous membrane coloration- will not be pink
24
Q
Rare delivery complication- perineal laceration
A
Perineal laceration- foal during delivery damages the rectal lumen in worst case scenarios (tears in vaginal mucosa) surgery will be done to fix tear
25
Pain relievers for post partum care
- banamine most common (given after the placenta has passed) blocks prostaglandin so the placenta would be kept inside
26
Mare fecal output
should defecate at least 12-18 hours after foaling (have vet check after 24 hours, might be tubed with water to reduce risk of impaction colic)
27
Feeding
do not feed until the mare defecates
28
Deworming
o Deworming- if the mare is current on deworming, no need to take action- if not dewormed then deworm 12-24 hours after foaling (mares can pass threadworms to foals)
29
Involution
the uterus shrinks to normal size and the endometrial lining is repaired
30
What helps involution
Oxytocin and excericise
31
Lochia
discharge from the mares reproductive tract from the result of the endometrium healing
Brown reddish color, in the first 10 days
32
Eponychium
- soft on layer on bottom of hooves feet that falls off when they stand (protects mares repro tract during delivery)
33
What to do if umbilicus bleeds
some blooding normal, umbilical clamp if it does not stop
34
Treatment of chlor vs iodine on umbilicus
dip umbilical cord in dilute chlorahexadine (1 part chlor, 4 parts water) repeat treatments or iodine (one time treatment) very quickly dries up the stump but can also trap bacteria in the cord
35
Why do we tear the cord and not cut
So the umbilicus will clot
36
Sternal position
within 10 minutes
37
Suckling reflex
15-30 minutes
38
Up on own
1-2 hours
39
Nursing
2-3 hours
40
Begins passing meconuim
4-6 hours (monitor)
41
Urination
12 hours (monitor)
42
Patent urachus
patent urachus might stay open and urine could drip from the umbilical cord – most of the time it closes on its own- higher risk for infection
43
Mare hygiene
Wash udder
44
Monitor mare for what after foaling
Signs of comfortability
45
What is banking colostrum
Freezing colostrum from high milk and percentage candidates
46
Banked colostrum processing and utilization
Put the milk into a container and filter it, label then warm up slowly in water bath to use
47
Gut closure
Starts as early as 8 hours- ends at 24 hours
48
What is the timing of passive transfer
Early- 8-12 hours, late- 18-24 hours
49
Goal for early transfer
400-800 mg/dL- colostrum or plasma if low
50
Goal for low transfer
>800 mg/dL, plasma if low
51
Foals at high risk from failure of passive transfer
Agalactia, prelactation, sick or injured neonates, poor quality colostrum
52
Foal feces
Meconium then milk feces (12 hours after birth)
53
Preventing meconium colic
Enema- lavage the rectum (fleet enema or soapy water enema)
54
When do we give foals medication?
Only if its veterinarian recommended, depends on environment, can lead to GI upset
55
What medications are given to foals at risk of bacteria exposure
Bio sponge and metronidazole (clostridium treatment)
56
Neonatal red flags
Foals sleeping standing up (uncomfortable) or not nursing
57
Colicky behavior in neonates
Sleeping on their back, with legs close and tucked, neck arcing
58
Angular limb deformalities
Valgus (knees turned out) varus (knock kneed)
59
Flexural deformities
Contracture and laxity (loose tendons, dysmature foals tend to have laxity)
60
Trans uterine fold job
Prevents urine from dripping back into the repro tract
61
Urethral opening job
works with the trans uterine fold to move away urine flow
62
Parts of the vulva
Labia, clitoris, dorsal and ventral commisures
63
Vestibule
From external labia lips to urethra- hymen
64
Vagina
Collapsed lumen, highly distensible
65
Pneumovagina
Abnormality where air gets into the vagina- can be fixed with a Caslick's procedure (suturing a portion of the labia lips)
66
Problems with a pneumovagina
Bacteria can enter where air is getting into the vagina
67
Profolactic caslicks
Caslick's given to young horses in training to let less air into the vagina during exercise
68
Unique aspects of cervix (smooth muscle)
Longitudinal mucosal folds- stallion can deposit semen in the cervix
69
Cervix change during diestrus
Lots of tone, pale color
70
Cervix change during estrus
Very red in color (vascular), very relaxed
71
3 anatomical barriers of defense
Vulva, vestibule, cervix
72
Uterus characteristics
Bicornuate,
73
Uterus in diestrus
Endometrial folds are flattened with lots of tone
74
Uterus in estrus
Endometrial folds get edema and swell
74
Oviducts
Site of fertilization
75
Mare ovary shape vs other species
Mares is kidney shaped- other species spherical
76
Mesothelial lining vs other species
Covers just stalk in others, whole ovary in mare
77
Medulla location vs other species
Medulla on the outside for other species, inside for mare- follicles grow on inside
78
Ovulation points vs other species
Other species can ovulate at any point on the ovary- ova fossa for mare
79
Medulla
Vascular
80
Cortex
Follicles
81
What does the ovulation fossa do?
reduces twin pregnancies- follicles become teardrop shaped as they move toward the fossa
82
Corpus hemorrhagicum
Forms where a follicle has ruptured (fresh ovulation) turns to a Cl as it matures
83
Corpus luteum does what
Secretes progesterone
84
Theca interna cells secrete _ while granulosa cells secrete _
Androgen, estrogen
85
What is a graffian follicle
An ovulatory follicle
86
Onset of puberty
12-15 months
87
Estrous cycle length
21-23 days, about 16-17 days in diestrus
88
Actual heat/estrus length
4-6 days- highly variable
89
Time of ovulation
24-48 hours prior to the end of estrus
90
Ovulations per cycle
1, but horses can double and triple ovulate
91
Foal heat
Unique, horse cycles 5-16 days post foaling (endometrial repair must be going on)
92
Estrous cycle detection
Most critical aspect of breeding management
93
Ultrasound advantages/ disadvantages
Transrectal ultrasound, see exactly what the horse is doing, machine is expensive- lots of training to learn
94
Solid white tissue
Hyperchoic
95
Black fluid
Anechoic
96
Hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle
Stay for months- seen more at the ends and beginnings of seasons
97
Fluid in the uterus
Sign of inflammation
98
Teasing
Seeing behavioral signs of estrus
99
Mare in estrus signs
Urinates, steps wide, tilts pelvis down, winking
100
Mare in diestrus signs
Squeals at stallion, aggressive kicking or biting behavior- ignoring
101
Estrus behavior impacted by what
Herd dynamics, wet mare (lactating) silent heat (never shows signs)
102
Individual teasing
One stallion and one mare (most accurate and time intensive)
103
Group or pen teasing
One stallion in a group of multiple mares (time efficient)
104
Chute teasing
Stallion is in a stall while mares are walked through a chute
105
Self teasing
Mare and stallion are on opposite sides of a fence unrestrained
106
Stall teasing
One horse is in the stall while the other is in the aisle
107
Rail, fence, or wall teasing
Both horses are separated by a barrier
108
Cage teasing
Stallion is in a cage in a field while mares can approach him freely
109
Seasonally polyestrous
Have multiple estrous cycles that happen in a given season- long day breeders in summer
110
Natural ovulation peroid
April to September
111
Transition periods
Erratic estrous cycles, erratic growth of follicles, ovulate small follicles
112
When is the anestrous peroid
During deep winter- ovaries are vary small- hormones shut down
113
Dark periods
Create more melatonin, melatonin inhibits repro system, decreased hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis
114
Other factors of seasonality
Multiple hormones, hemispheres, domestication (domesticated horses tend to cycle year round)
115
Estrus phase (follicular phase)
4-6 days, secreting estrogen, follicle on ovary, behavioral signs, ends with ovulation
116
Diestrus phase (Luteal phase)
Corpus luteum on ovary, progesterone is secreted, non receptive towards stallion, ends with release of prostaglandin
117
Growth of Cl
Outer cells start to weaken and membrane ruptures when oocyte leaves, it takes 5 days for granulosa cells to form luteal cells- produce progesterone
118
Growth, maturity, and regression of CL
0-5 d (G). 6-13 d (M). 14-16 d (R)
119
HPO axis
Hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis
120
FSH
Released from pituitary, targets the granulosa cells of the follicle, promotes follicle growth and increases inhibin and estrogen levels
121
LH
Released from pituitary, targets the theca interna cells of the follicle, surges with high inhibin and estrogen levels- increases androgen production, follicle maturation and promotes CL formation
122
Why is estrus most variable
It depends upon the size of the follicle (bigger follicle, faster ovulation)
123
Why do horses have two follicular waves
Ensures there is one large follicle compared to the others
124
Follicular wave growth (after ovulation)
In between waves, inhibin causes follicles to shrink, then FSH causes follicles to grow (wave ends at day 10 then another forms)
125
Dominant follicle size in follicular waves
starts at 22 mm in size, dominant follicle is receptive to LH, produces estradiol and inhibin
126
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
Produced by uterus, released if no MRP, targets luteal cells of mature CL, causes luteolysis
127
PGF2A unique to equine
Travels from uterus through peripheral circulation to ovary (little metabolized in lungs, increased reaction to prostaglandin)
128
Estrogen (ovarian hormone)
secreted from theca interna and granulosa cells of follicle, targets the hypothalamus, pituitary, brain and repro tract, relaxes the cervix, prepares for pregnancy, regulates GnRH, FSH and LH, increases uterine edema and motility, sexual behavior
129
Inhibin (ovarian hormone)
From granulosa cells of the follicle, targets the anterior pituitary, inhibits FSH and helps with selection of dominant follicles
130
Progesterone (ovarian hormone)
From luteal cells of CL, targets hypothalamus, uterus and mammary glands, maintains pregnancy (tightens cervix), mammary growth and secretions, regulates LH via GNRH
131
Inhibin and FSH relationship
Inverse- one is up while the other is down
132
Agonist
similar enough to facilitate similar results (can bind to same receptor)
133
Antagonist
Similar enough to bind to the receptor, but it blocks the receptor instead of performing function
134
Why use artificial lights
Induces early cyclicity- allows breeders to get foal dates as close to January 1st as possible
135
1st ovulation when using lights
60-90 days after onset (1-2 weeks faster with hormones but not cost effective)
136
treatment timeline with Artificial lights
Start breeding February 14th, start under lights at thanksgiving, horse gives birth next January
137
Light sources
Equilume ($400-500) masks with light under one eye, 100 W bulb on timer (14 and a half hours of total daylight) should light enough to read in all corners of stall
138
Lighting protocols
Add to existing daylight to equal 14.6-16 hours, use one hour of light that occurs 9.5 hours after sunset
139
Domperidone
Dopamine agonist, induces prolactin, blocks the effects of dopamine, oral ($20 per 5mL daily dose 110 mg/mL) sulpiride injectable
140
Estradiol cypionate- an estrogen agonist
Commonly used in ovariectomized mares, induces estrus behavior, (injectable)
141
Oxytocin
Short half life, rids inflammation in the uterus, helps with uterine contractions, milk let down, induces parturition- usually injectable IM, 10-20 IU give every 4-6 hours (1/2-1 mL)
142
Common reasons mares won't settle
Improper timing of breeding or post breeding endometritis
143
Post breeding endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium in the uterus (some mares cannot fight inflammation from sperm) higher risks for old olden mares
144
Management steps for post breeding endometritis
Use of semen extender with antibiotics- helps to prevent contamination
2) Less frequent breeding /decrease volume of breeding– can time to breed once instead of multiple matings 3) Lavage with saline- flush in sterile saline then removing it – can start 4-6 hours after breeding
4) Induce uterine contractions – oxytocine or cloprostenol (stays in the body longer than oxytocin) Activity!
5) +/- dexamethasone treatment- anti inflammatory (reduce mare’s inflammatory response in uterus)
145
Prostaglandins
Induction of luteolysis (short cycling) shorting diestrus- IM only
146
When is using prostaglandin effective
About 5 days after ovulation when the CL is mature
147
What determines the return to estrus
Usually 3-5 days, depends on the waves- if we don't know where they are in the wave cycle, we do not know the ovulation/ heat timeline
148
Why are prostaglandins IM only?
not metabolized quickly (not safe IV because it will be a heavier dosage all at once vs IM- colicky) mares get sweaty for about 30 minutes – give early morning or late night when less hot out, move injection site outside
149
Dinoprost tromethamine
Lutalyse (prostaglandin) Dose of 1-2 mL or 1/10 mL 24 hours apart (minimize side effects)
150
Cloprestonol sodium
Estrumate (prostaglandin) dose of 1 mL, slightly longer half life with less side effects (more expensive)
151
LH/GnRH
Releases an LH surge, induces ovulation, ovulates 24-48 hours after administration, long surge achieved by slow release drugs/ capsules, 24 hour long effect
152
What needs to be present for LH/GnRH to have its effect
a 35 mm follicle and edema present
153
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (LH agonist)
80% effective, 1,500-2,500 IU IV dose, horses start to develop antibodies against it (use twice a year)
154
Deslorelin (GnRH agonist)
80% effective, works in a greater number of mares, 1.8 mg IM (slow release gel) $60 a dose-expensive
155
Recombinant equine LH
Produced in a lab setting, acts like equine LH, long half-life, Equipure reagent for veterinarians- 90% effective
156
Progesterone
Inhibits LH, induction of luteal phase,
157
3 uses of progesterone
Pregnancy supplementation- on till 120 days of pregnancy
Used to suppress estrus (handy for show/performance horses)
Estrus synchronization- synchronizing stallion with mare, recip and donor mare synched up
158
Oral synthetic progestins
More labor intensive, covers bases every day vs capsule
159
Altrenogest (oral progesterone)
2.2 mg/ 100 lbs daily, wear gloves absorbed easily
160
Compounded injectable (progesterone)
Less labor intensive, 150 mg per day IM, Encapsulated form can last weeks, $3.00 per day- rate of decrease is different in every horse
161
Progesterone and estradiol
widely used to synchronize embryo Transfer mares (inhibits FSH and LH) shut down all gonadotrophins follicles and ovaries will be small – can now synchronize follicle growth and will be at the same size when they start
Negative feedback on Gonadotropins
162
Progesterone and estradiol compounded injectable
150 mg progesterone + 10 mg estradiol per day IM
$40 once (every 7-10 days)
163
Estrous synchronization P+E protocol
Very tight synchronization- $100 a horse
164
Estrous synchronization protocol- just progesterone
$22 a horse
165
Why is equine superovulation useful
Induces multiple follicles to grow at the same time, increases odds of success when working with reproductive technology (all protocls must use FSH)
166
Equine pituitary extracts) EPE)
Grind pituitary and remove other hormones- not readily available due to contamination concern
167
Equine FSH (eFSH)
taking pituitary extract and purifying in the lab (not readily available)
168
Recombinant equine FSH
Reagent for verterinarians
