Exam #2 general

Question 1

Emile Dirkheim definition of Anomie

Answer 1

a state of normlessness during rapid social change

Question 2

Durheim _______ theory predicts increases in crime and other social disturbances as significant social, economic, or political changes occurs in a country”

Answer 2

Anomie

Question 3

Social problems have ____ causes according to dirkheim

Answer 3

social

Question 4

Crime is a ____ fact according to dirkheim

Answer 4

social

Question 5

STRAIN: People born ____ , society/circumstances turns them bad

Answer 5

good

Question 6

Strain Theory: The americanization of anomie

who made this theory, an evolutionof emile?

Answer 6

Robert K. Merton:

Question 7

merton Americanized Anomie in the years _____

Answer 7

1938

Question 8

Anomie definition for Merton (evolution of emile)

Answer 8

disjunction between goals and means

Question 9

Merton: Anomie (strain) is a permanent fixture in the United States for the ____ classes

Answer 9

lower

Question 10

“Pathological ___________” is Merton’s description of Americas focus on economic success

Answer 10

MATERIALISM

Question 11

Merton believes that U.S. Society considers economic success as an _____ _______ without equal

Answer 11

absolute value

Question 12

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one Accepts goals and accepts means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Strive to achieve success within the rules oven if this necessarily limits their goals

Answer 12

Conformity

Question 13

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one Rejects goals and accepts means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Rigidly adhering to and their station in life

Answer 13

Ritualists

Question 14

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one accepts goals and rejects means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Use illegal means to gain societally defined success goals. Routine criminality however, cannot gain economic success; thus, “innovators” refers to professional skilled criminals and criminal organizations

Answer 14

innovators

Question 15

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one rejects goals and rejects means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Abandon all attempts to reach conventional social goals in favor of deviant adaptation (e.g. abusing alcohol, drugs).

Answer 15

retreatists

Question 16

In Merton’s deviance typology, which one creates new goals and new means?

Conformity?
Ritualists
Innovators?
Retreatists?
or Rebels?

Reject goals and attempt to overthrow the existing social order and its culturally values, joining a revolutionary group or countercultural commune for example

Answer 16

rebels

Question 17

Institutional anomie: who made this?

Answer 17

Messner and Rossenfeld

Question 18

American dream has balloon the importance of the ______ institution

Answer 18

economic

Question 19

Elements of the American Dream (society):
Eco_____(inflated!)
Ed_______
Pol_____
R______
Fa_______

Answer 19

Elements of the American Dream (society):
Economics (inflated!)
Education
Politics
Religion
Family

Question 20

general strain theory. Who created this?

Answer 20

Robert agnew

Question 21

give Agnew’s General strain theory (like in the flow chart)

Answer 21

Strain:
Failure to Achive goal
Loss of positive stimuli
Presentation of noxious stimuli

Negative Affect:
Anger
Frustration
Fear
Depression

Coping strategies
Cognitive (reconcile what has happened to reduce its impact)
Emotional (can be positive or negative—such as working out to relieve stress)
Behavioral (make my strain, someone else’s strain; acting out, often in violence).

Question 22

Agnew’s top Strains:
Ab___
par____ Rej______ (neglect, abandonment, death of a parent?).
Vic_______
Dis_______

Answer 22

Agnew’s top Strains:
Abuse
Parental rejection (neglect, abandonment, death of a parent?).
Victimization
Discrimination

Question 23

Reason for Agnews top strains: longer in _______, most _______, more ______,more imp______.

Answer 23

Reason for agnews top strains: longer in duration, most intense, more recent more impactful than

Question 24

According to Agnew, ____ are more prone to behavioral expressions

Answer 24

men

Question 25

Agnew states that _______ peers encourage behavioral coping

Answer 25

delinquent peers

Question 26

Harold Garfinkel

Answer 26

Master Degradation ceremonies

Question 27

Howard Becker

Answer 27

Master Status is defining social position

Question 28

labeling theories, primary and secondary deviance (as well as master status and degradation ceremony). who made this theory?

Answer 28

Lemert

Question 29

What matters in this theory (labeling theories) is not the behavior of the other person, but the response of others in response to deviant behaviors which theorynis it?

Answer 29

labeling theory

Question 30

_____ ________ focus on the role of the community in creating “criminals”

Answer 30

labeling theories

Question 31

According to labeling theory, when someone is never caught they are always in _______ _______ category

Answer 31

primary deviance

Question 32

Critiques of labeling theory: 1) Ta______ 2) Weak cau_____ arg______ 3) Cannot explain ______ _______ 4) Overemphasozes the importance of the official l______ 5) In_______ of the label doesnt seem to occur

Answer 32

Tautology—a criminal is someone who we LABEL as a criminal, because they are in fact. . . a criminal… Weak causal argument (how do we determine if they are in primary or secondary deviance? How do we test this? If we cannot find out this, which deviance they are in, why you are engaging in it (such as “i think of myself as an offender”) then we cannot show causality Cannot explain primary deviance (similar to RAT). This theory doesn't even try to explain why people act deviant Overemphasizes the importance of the official label (way too much is given to the court process itself. It ignores the fact that sometimes these labels are NOT viewed as a negative to people Internalization of the label doesn't seem to occur (they often do not refer to themselves as labels. A thief won't say “I am a thief, that's why i do what i do.” People find ways to explain away their behavior and maintain a positive self image

Question 33

Techniques of neutralization: who made this?

Answer 33

Sykes and Matza

Question 34

Neutralizing criminal behavior allows people to engage in “subcultural drift” Denial of _______ It was not my fault Denial of _______ They could afford it Denial of _______ They had it coming Condemning the __________ You've done worse Appeal to higher __________ My family needed me. OR my friend needed me

Answer 34

Neutralizing criminal behavior allows people to engage in “subcultural drift” Denial of responsibility It was not my fault Denial of injury They could afford it Denial of victim They had it coming Condemning the condemners You've done worse Appeal to higher loyalties My family needed me. OR my friend needed me

Question 35

Policy implication of Labeling theory: 1) 2) 3) 4) MAIN ONE! Rein______ SHam_________

Answer 35

Sealing public records Victim offender mediation—break a fence, you must fix it, not serve time for it Diversion programs also applies to labeling theory Reintegrative shaming is a sentencing alternative for minor offenses that aims to reintegrate the offender back into society without permanently stigmatizing them.

Question 36

Differential Association theory. Who created this theory?

Answer 36

Edwin Sutherland

Question 37

What did differential association theory set out to ask?

Answer 37

Why people commit white collar crimes

Question 38

Social learning theory: who created it?

Answer 38

Bandera

Question 39

Who else had a hand in the social learning theory? Sk____ and Ak__s

Answer 39

Skinner and Akers

Question 40

Give social learning theory (like in the flow chart).

Answer 40

Differential association Definitions Imitation Differential reinforcement (some people will reward our behavior and some will chastise us for it). Social structure was added later (see chart): demographics, men, women, age, gender, occupation

Question 41

Cultural deviance theory – Subcultural tradition. Who made this? Co and Mi

Answer 41

Cohen and Miller

Question 42

Cohen— Kids that grow up in an environment that has no lessons on measuring rods Kids adjust to this by: c______ boy: Make it on his own, pull up his bootstraps c______ boy: Mediocre, blue collar, graduate highschool, he will be fine D________ adjustment: They look at the middle class measuring rod, and flip the values on its head, change it into something that is attainable to them

Answer 42

Cohen— Kids that grow up in an environment that has no lessons on measuring rods Kids adjust to this by: College boy. Make it on his own, pull up his bootstraps Corner boy: Mediocre, blue collar, graduate highschool, he will be fine Delinquent adjustment: They look at the middle class measuring rod, and flip the values on its head, change it into something that is attainable to them

Question 43

Miller’s Focal Concern — youth in these deprived environments have adjusted to that deprived environment over these focal concerns Lower class (poor) focal concerns: 1) T_____ 2) T_______ness 3) Aut_______ (you are your own person, ur own boss) 4) Smar_____ (ur ability to get over on other people, i can con but not gonna be conned 5) Ex________ (life as a party) 6) Fat____ism (develops the belief that things just happen to you, and it is not uncommon for someone to be killed. You learn to expect that out of your life).

Answer 43

Miller’s Focal Concern — youth in these deprived environments have adjusted to that deprived environment over these focal concerns Lower class (poor) focal concerns: 1) Trouble 2) Toughness 3) Autonomy (you are your own person, ur own boss) 4) Smartness (ur ability to get over on other people, i can con but not gonna be conned 5) Excitement (life as a party) 6) Fatalism (develops the belief that things just happen to you, and it is not uncommon for someone to be killed. You learn to expect that out of your life).

Question 44

code of the streets is an elaboration of this work by cohen and miller, made by: E____ Ander_______

Answer 44

Elijah anderson

Question 45

John Bainthwith - Re______ Sh_________ is a sentencing alternative for minor offenses that aims to reintegrate the offender back into society without permanently stigmatizing them.

Answer 45

John Bainthwith - Reintegrative shaming is a sentencing alternative for minor offenses that aims to reintegrate the offender back into society without permanently stigmatizing them.