Exam #1 Flashcards by Kaedon Smith

What is Crime? Requires three elements

1)
2)
3)

1) Voluntary and Rational Act

2) Create harm to people and
society

3) Violate a codified law

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Mala in se – meaning

universally “bad”

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Mala prohibida – meaning

”bad” b/c society decided so

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What crimes are under the UCR Index 1 Offenses

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

1) Murder/homicide
2) robbery
3) aggravated assault
4) sexual assault
5) larceny/theft
6) burglary
7) Motor Vehicle theft
8) arson

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Crime Rates Mirror a General “_________” Trend

civilizing trend

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How prevalent is crime? Pie chart percentages

Murder __%
Forcible rape __%
Robbery __%
MVT __%
Agg. Assault __%
Burglary __%
Larceny __%

Murder less than 1%
Forcible rape 1%
Robbery 3%
MVT 7%
Agg. Assault 8%
Burglary 18%
Larceny 62%

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What are offenders like?

Myth:
*
*
*
*
*

Violent crime is common
Mentally ill/insane
Intelligent, calculating
Plan out crimes
Stranger

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What are offenders like?

Reality:
*
*
*
*
*

Property crime is common
Mental health issues/sane
Below average intelligence
Opportunistic
Known to victim‘

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What are the facts that a theory must fit?

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

1) Age Crime Curve

2) Gender

3) Disproportionate Minority Contact

4) Social Class (people in prison are simply poor)

5) Education (higher levels of education leads to less crime)

6) Marriage (when men get married their propensity to commit crime drops)

7) Delinquent Peers (do they hang out with other people who commit crime)

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Lifetime likelihood of imprisonment of U.S. Males Born in 2001

All men: __in __
White men: __in__
Black men: __in__
Latino Men: __in __

All men: 1 in 10
White men: 1 in 20
Black men: 1 in 5
Latino Men: 1 in 8

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CLASSYFING THEORIES OF CRIME

start with assumption that people are born self interested, it takes society teaching us the right way to behave—responsibility is on different groups of people to teach people the right way to behave

Which one is this?

Control?
Strain?
Cultural Deviance?

Control

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CLASSYFING THEORIES OF CRIME

People are born good, prosocial. But for some people, society messes us up along the way that deviates our path, this makes us anti-social, we are drawn into crime

Which one is this?

Control?
Strain?
Cultural Deviance?

Strain

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CLASSYFING THEORIES OF CRIME

it’s not PEOPLE that are deviant, but instead, cultures that are deviant. It depends who you are around and what cultural traditions you are enmeshed in. Your environment dictates your actions (grow up in crime, lead to crime).

Which one is this?

Control?
Strain?
Cultural Deviance?

Cultural Deviance

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Which Classification of theories in crime sees:

relationships as a positive?

Control theory

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Which Classification of theories in crime sees:

relationships as a negative?

strain theory

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Which Classification of theories in crime sees:

that sub cultures create the deviance in society?

cultural deviance theory

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______ Law

refers to a philosophy that some elements of justice are universal and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society

Natural law

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____ contract

a mythical state of affairs wherein each person agrees to a pact, the basic stipulation of which is that all men are created equal

social contract

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C______y

refers to the probability that offending persons will receive a sanction for their miscreant deeds

Certainty

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Cesare Beccaria & _________ Theory

Deterrence

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What was Cesare Beccaria’s book? “On C____ & ______”

On Crimes and punishment

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Cesare Beccaria’s book states that:

________ is meant to deter

Punishment

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Hedonic calculus meaning:

Maximize this,
minimize that

(we are self interested creatures that want to maximize our pleasure and decrease our pain)

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Three types of beccarian deterrence:

General,
specific
Restrcitive/partial

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What are the three (3) elements of effective punishment? 1) S 2) C 3) Ap sev

Swift Certain Appropriately severe

The __________ effect is a criminological hypothesis that suggests executions _________ homicide rates by reducing public respect for life

Brutalization, Increase

P______ H____ is an example of a policy based in deterrence theory that is pulling ALL of the levers

project hope

Which deterrence theory is focused on tangible benefits and tangible negatives

Perceptual Deterrence

within percentual deterrence, which of the 3 elements of effective punishment (swift, certain, appropriately severe) has the strongest relationship

Certainty has the strongest relationship

Guess the average amount time served someone can expect to be incarcerated for: DUI - Drug possession - Burglary - Robbery - Rape- Homicide -

DUI - (1.25 years average) Drug possession - (1.33 years) Burglary - (2.25 years) Robbery - (4.75) Rape- (7.8) Homicide - (9.8)

sees every crime as a “decision made”. Allows for more relational benefits and relational negatives Which theory is this?

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY:

No crime is s______ within rational choice theory

senselesss

Within rational choice theory, Offenders choose specific crimes based on _________ _______

individual needs

Rational choice theory, timeline of decision making: 1) First act: ______ ______ 2) second act: ______ _____ 3) third and final act: ____ ___ _____

1) Choice structuring (skills someone has and their needs) 2) Involvement decision (where i have decided that the criminal options are the ones i am willing to explore) 3) The act itself

What are the problems of rational choice theory?

1) hard to test 2) confusion over what is "rational"

CHART Deterrence theory Cost: ______ Benefit: ________ What deters: ________ ___ ________ ___ ______

Deterrence theory Cost: sanctions Benefit: monetary What deters: balance of punishment to gain

CHART Rational Choice theory Cost: ______, ______, _____/_____ Benefit: ______, _____, _____, _______ What deters: _______ __ ______ ______ ____ _______

Cost: Sanctions, Status loss, shame/guilt Benefit: monetary, thrill, reputation. relieve frustration What deters: Balance of THESE costs and benefits

Classical Criminology Theory 1) Theory 2)

Deterrence theory Rational choice theory

What about people's ________ lifestyles increases or decreases victimization? What theory is this?

Routine Activities theory

Three levers of Routine activities theory: 1) 2) 3)

1) Motivated offender 2) Suitable target 3) Lack of capable Guardian

How many zones are in the concentric zone model?

Which zone is the closest to the center? Which is farthest away? Numbers and words

1; central business district 5; commuter zone

Give the entire concentric zone model: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

1) Central business district 2) Transition zone Deteriorated housing Factories Abandoned buildings 3) Working class zone Single family tenements 4) Residential zone Single family homes yards /garages 5) Commuter Zone Suburbs

The inability of an area to regulate itself This is called?

Social disorganization

what are the three neighborhood factors that lead to social disorganization? 1) P t 2) E h 3) C p

Population turnover Ethnic heterogeneity (this has been disproven as a factor) Concentrated poverty

Culture of crime develops due to: S d

Social disorganization

Social disorganization theory is one of our ________ theories

strongest

The three micro level control theories are:

Containment, social bond, and a general theory of crime

Reckless' containment theory: Forces for crime: 4 pressures 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 Pull 1) 3 Biological pushes 1) 2) 3)

Family conflict  Low SES  Lack of opportunity  Minority status Delinquent friends Aggressiveness hostility rebelliousness

Reckless' containment theory: Forces opposed to crime: Outer containment 1) Inner containment: 1)

family & Friends w/  strong morals  Support  Willing to discipline Internal locus of control  Personal responsibility  Goal orientation

Three elements of the social Boind theory 1) 2) 3)

Attachment Commitment Involvment

Which theory did hirschi create?

Social bond theory

Which theory did Gottfredson AND Hirschi' create?

General theory of crime

What are the seven Criqtiues of the the self control theory submitted by hirschi and Gottfredson? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

1) Tautology (using questions of crime to predict if they will commit crime—this is like asking what is your IQ to predict your IQ. behavioral measures that are indicative of self control) 2) it is Important, but not the only factor (other factors are indeed still important, self control is not the only thing, such as: neighborhood factors, peers, other environmental issues 3) Doesn’t explain all crimes (such as corporate crimes) 4) Self-Control as a muscle (looks different at different times for diff people) 5) Stability hypothesis is not supported (group of people in between of high and low self control display variability—they gain self control in adulthood, or some don't. The six characteristics above, DO NOT fall on the same timeline) 6) Genetics explains away the effect of parental socialization 7) Putting all the blame on parental socialization (however, there is a THIRD factor! Genetics. When you control for genetics, the parental socialization leading to self control disappears).

Phrenology meaning:

Focused on the shape and contours of the head Different parts of the brain controlled different social activities and thinking processes When particular parts of the brain are more developed they would be larger and create protrusions on the skull The idea was that the contours of an individual’s head could be felt to determine

Lombrosos and Atavism says: Criminals are more similer to ___ than men

apes

Endomorph is:

short and fat

ectomorph is:

Tall, lean and fragile with smaller faces

mesomorph is:

Muscular build with larger body frame and limbs

In the population, about ____ of the variance in aggression/violence is due to genetic factors

half

One of the suggestions in the film: T_______ t_____ment toward certain biological factors

tailoring treatment

Vignettes

how likely would you be to steal a bag if money - criminological tests

Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to f__ _____ of these issues that are caused by bio-social and genetic factors

fix some

Stigmata - physical fea. . .

physical features that are indicative of someone who is a less evolved human

Sheldon brough the body t_____to american way of thinking

types

which of the four key element of hirschi's social bond theory is the main one? attachement commitment involvement or belief?

attachment

what are the six elements of low self control by gottfredosn and hirschi General theory of crime

1) impulsivity 2) physical activity 3) risk taking/sensation seeking 4) narcissism 5) simple tasks 6) temper

Lomrosos and Atavism developed "sti__ta"

stigmata

Lomrosos and atavism

Stigmayta, apes/criminals

sheldon

endo ecto meso

reckless

Reckless containment theory Forces for crime, forces opposed to crime

Hirschi

social bond thoery attachment committment involvement belief

Gottfredson and Hirschi

General theory of crime LOW SELF CONTROL

Cesare Beccaria

Deterrence theory

Exam #1 Flashcards

(75 cards)