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Biopsychology > Exam 2-hearing > Flashcards

Exam 2-hearing Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

How is sound generated?

A
  • moving objects generate waves of vibration
  • vibration results from collision of molecules
  • ear detects collisions as sound
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2
Q

Amplitude

A

loudness

  • high amplitude=loud sound
  • low amplitude=soft sound
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3
Q

Frequency

A

pitch

  • high frequency=high pitched sound
  • low frequency=low pitched sound
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4
Q

outer ear

A
  • pinna

- auditory canal

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5
Q

pinna

A

collects and focuses incoming sound

-part of outer ear

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6
Q

middle ear

A
  • tympanic membrane
  • oval window
  • ossicles
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7
Q

inner ear

A
  • semicircular canals

- cochlea

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8
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

-separates outer and middle ear

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9
Q

oval window

A

separates middle and inner ear

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10
Q

ossicles

A

tiny bones that transfer sound energy to inner ear, apply force and pressure to fluid-filled inner ear to conserve sound info

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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11
Q

cochlea

A 
-auditory transduction
3 chambers:
-vestibular canal (filled w/ perilymph)
-tympanic canal (filled w/ perilymph)
-cochlear duct (filled w/ endolymph)

Chambers separated by 2 membranes:

  • reissner’s membrane
  • basilar membrane
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12
Q

Reissner’s membrane

A
  • in cochlea

- separates vestibular canal and cochlear duct

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13
Q

Basilar membrane

A
  • in cochlea
  • separates tympanic canal and cochlear duct
  • involved in translating sound frequencies
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14
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • translates vibrations in inner ear into neural signals
  • contains hair cells
  • rests on top of basilar membrane
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15
Q

Two types of hair cells (found on Organ of Corti)

A
  • inner hair cells (auditory receptors)
  • outer hair cells (amplify sound info)
  • cilia line the top of inner/outer hair cells, movement of cilia regulates NT release by hair cells
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16
Q

Spiral ganglion neurons

A

bipolar neurons whose axons form auditory nerve

-auditory nerve connects hair cells in cochlea to dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

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17
Q

Central auditory pathways

A
  • spiral ganglion neurons

- cochlear nuclei synapse with inferior colliculus

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18
Q

Dorsal cochlear nucleus

A

Directly connects to inferior colliculus (IC)

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19
Q

Ventral cochlear nucleus

A

Indirectly connects to IC by first synapsing at superior olive

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20
Q

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

A
  • organized into columns that respond to single frequencies

- some columns respond to input from one ear, other columns have stronger response to input from both ears

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21
Q

Secondary auditory cortex

A
  • activated by complex stimuli

- separate pathways process “what” and “where” of sound

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22
Q

Auditory perception: Pitch

A

-organized tonotopically, neurons responding to one frequency are clustered together

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23
Q

Place theory (above 4000 Hz)

A

peak response of basilar membrane is associated with sound’s frequency

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24
Q

Temporal theory (below 4000 Hz)

Study These Flashcards
A

patterns of neural firing match sound frequency (phase-locking)

25
Auditory perception: Loudness
- auditory neurons respond to louder sounds by increasing firing rates - single neuron=range of 40 dB, population of neurons=130 dB - longer lasting sounds perceived as louder
26
Age-related hearing loss
caused by poor circulation to inner ear or loud noise exposure
27
Conduction loss
caused by wax buildup, infection, or otosclerosis (immobilization of ossicles)
28
Somatosensory system
provides info about position/movement of body | -touch, skin temp, pain
29
Vestibular system
provides info about position/movement of HEAD | -sensory organs found in inner ear: otolith organs, semicircular canals
30
Otolith organs
- vestibular system - provides info about angle of head relative to ground - saccule and utricle (covered in hair cells) - cilia from hair cells extend into gelatinous layers containing otoliths **provide info about linear acceleration
31
Semicircular canals
- vestibular system | - 3 looping chambers that provide info regarding the rotation of the head
32
Otolith
stone made from calcium carbonate that is attached to hair cells in otolith organs
33
How otolith organs work
- each hair cell has preferred direction of head movement to which they respond - otoliths move due to acceleration of head, force exerted on hair cells - hair cells either depolarize or hyperpolarize - affects firing of auditory nerve
34
layers of skin (outside to inside)
1) epidermis 2) dermis 3) subcutaneous (fat and connective tissue)
35
mechanoreceptors
touch receptors, respond to displacement (of skin and tissue) - unmyelinated axon fibers w/ Na channels that respond to changes in membrane tension - when stretched: ion channels open, Na enters, possible for APs
36
Encapsulated receptors
axon fibers surrounded by fluid-filled capsule formed by connective tissue -Meissner's corpuscle and Pacinian corpuscle
37
Meissner's corpuscle
located near surface of skin | -senses pressure
38
Pacinian corpuscle
- located deeper in the skin (and GI tract and joints) | - sense pressure and vibrations
39
Non-encapsulated receptors
- Merkel's disks | - Ruffini's endings
40
Merkel's disk
- located near surface of skin | - sense pressure
41
Ruffini's endings
- located deep in skin | - sense stretch
42
Location of cell bodies of mechanoreceptors
-dorsal root ganglia (body minus head/neck) OR -cranial nerves (head/neck)
43
Touch info from head
-alternative routes involving cranial nerves (trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)
44
Referred sensation
perception of a touch that feels as if it came from a missing body part EX: cheek touch perceived as touch from missing limb
45
Neglect syndrome
condition resulting from somatosensory damage that produces difficulty perceiving a body part of part of the visual field
46
Pain
combines sensation with emotion and cognition | -warning system
47
nociceptor
pain receptor - free nerve endings - when a cell is damaged, chemicals are released that stimulate nociceptors - pain info carried to CNS by alpha-delta fibers and C fibers (NT=glutamate)
48
Ascending pain pathway (body)
- pain fiber enters SC at dorsal root, crosses midline and ascends SC - synapses in thalamus - from thalamus goes to anterior cingulate cortex (emotional) or somatosensory cortex (physical) - NT=substance P (increases pain signals in SC)
49
2 thalamic areas that get pain info
``` Ventral posterior (VP) nucleus Intralaminar nuclei ```
50
Ascending pain pathway (head/neck)
- pain info travels along trigeminal nerve - synapses in trigeminal nucleus of brainstem - fibers from TN form trigeminal lemniscus which ends in thalamus
51
Gate theory of pain
- pain is a gate - there are things that open and close the gate - open gate=chronic stress - close gate=rubbing elbow after hitting it) - pain experienced depends on how far the gate is open or closed
52
Olfaction receptors
- GPCR receptors (Golf) | - activation=opens Ca channels->depolarization of olfactory receptor cell
53
Glomerulus
area in olfactory bulb where olfactory receptor axons form synapses with olfactory neurons -each reacts to multiple odors (pattern of glomerulus activation unique to each odor)
54
pyriform cortex
olfactory cortex
55
Vomeronasal sensation
chemical communication | -pheromones
56
Flavor
combo of taste and smell
57
Five basic tastes
- salty - sour - sweet - bitter - umami
58
Papillae
structures on surface of tongue containing taste buds (each taste bud contains about 50 taste receptors) -different taste buds are better at detecting different tastes due to differing distributions of taste receptors on the taste bud
59
Taste nerves
facial and glossopharyngeal

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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