Exam 2 - Horse/Ruminants

Question 1

horses cardiovascular function under anesthesia

what can you use to help?

Answer 1

decreased contractility
decreased CO
poor perfusion

inotropic support

Question 2

horses respiratory function under anesthesia

Answer 2

hypoventilation
severe VQ mismatch (require O2 and mech ventilation)
obligate nasal breathers = at risk of obsutrction/congestion

Question 3

when can you extubate a horse

Answer 3

when swallowing and standing

Question 4

what factors increase risk of ileus in horses

Answer 4

anesthesia
stress
drugs
transport
pain

Question 5

why is padding important in horses

Answer 5

increased risk of myopathies & neuropathies & VQ mismatch

Question 6

common sedation drugs in horses

Answer 6

alpha 2 agonist
acepromazine
+/- opioids - not alone, risk of excitement

Question 7

common induction drugs in horses

Answer 7

ketamine + muscle relaxant (benzo or Guaifenesin)
ketamine + propofol

Question 8

common total IV anesthesia drugs for maintenance in horses? how long can you use this for?

Answer 8

IV top ups w/ ketamine/xyalzine
‘triple drip’ or GKX
CRI of ketamine + xylazine

time limite is 1 hour to avoid accumulation/prolonged recoveries

Question 9

if a procedure is more than 1 hour what maintenance anesthesia should you use in horses

Answer 9

inhalant

Question 10

what must you measure when a horse is under inhalant anesthesia

Answer 10

arterial blood pressure

Question 11

how do you treat hypotension in the horse

Answer 11

decrease depth
fluids
inotropes (dobutamine)

Question 12

can you use pulse oximetry and capnometry in horses

Answer 12

less reliable

Question 13

can you use IPPV in horses

Answer 13

yes freq indicated

Question 14

what is the most typical analgesic used in horses

Answer 14

NSAIDs

Question 15

what can you use intra-articularly in horses

Answer 15

opioids - morphine
NOT local anesthetics due to risk of chondrotoxicity

Question 16

where to position the larynx in regard to oral cavity and stomach

Answer 16

oral < larynx > stomach

Question 17

how can you reduce regurgitation risk in cattle and camelids

Answer 17

fasting 12-24hr before

Question 18

anesthetic concern in swine? triggers?

Answer 18

malignant hyperthermia

triggered by halothane, succinylcholine, stress, excitement

Question 19

concerns with using xylalzine in ruminants

Answer 19

abortion in late preg (oxytocin effect)
sheep - activates PIMS = hypoxia, pulmonary hemorrhage/edema

Question 20

what is Ket-Stun

Answer 20

butorphanol, ketamine, xylazine
for cattle procedures ~45 minutes

Question 21

what is the Johnson cocktail

Answer 21

butorphanol, ketamine, xylazine
small ruminants

Question 22

concern with inducing ruminants with propofol and alfaxalone

Answer 22

risk of apnea

Question 23

where to avoid injections in ruminants

Answer 23

hindlimb due to meat production, give in neck or shoulder

Question 24

where to place a catheter in ruminants? camelids? swine?

Answer 24

ruminants - tail, jug, ear
camelids - high on neck or level of 6th vertebrae
swine - ear

Question 25

difference in ruminants and horses blood pressure under anesthesia

Answer 25

ruminants - high arterial BP during anesthesia/recumbency
horses - decreased CO, decreased BP

Question 26

extubation protocol in ruminants

Answer 26

sternal recumbency
extubate with cuff inflated

Question 27

camelid recovery protocol

Answer 27

lavage nasal passages
maintain ET tube as long as possible
watch for signs of dorsal displacement of soft palate (extend head/neck and stimulate swallowing)