Exam 2 - Immunity

Question 1

Th1

Answer 1

INF-gamma, IL-2
Chemotactic for macrophages
M1 activation
CD4

Question 2

Th17

Answer 2

IL-17
Chemotactic for macrophages
More inflammatory response (good for tough antigens)
CD4

Question 3

Th2

Answer 3

IL-4
Chemotactic for macrophages and eosinophils
M2 activation
CD4

Question 4

Tfh

Answer 4

IL-10, TGF-ß
Regulatory T-cell
Decreases T-cell activation, self-recognition
CD4

Question 5

CTL

Answer 5

CD8 (and CD3)
Antigen specific (fruit)
MHC specific (bowl)

Question 6

T-cell epitopes

Answer 6

Continuous, AA chain

Question 7

Extrinsic APC pathway

Answer 7

Antigen binds surface
Endocytosis and lysosomal degradation
Class II MHC vesicles fuse and bind
Exocytosis and presentation

Question 8

Intrinsic APC pathway

Answer 8

During extrinsic pathway, some antigen leaks out
Will be loaded onto Class I MHC
Presented as if own protein
(Cross presentation - DC ONLY)

Question 9

Immune Surveillance

Answer 9

All protein made by cell is expressed on Class I MHC

CTL monitor Class I MHC and activate when needed

Question 10

Carbohydrate epitopes (T-independent)

Answer 10

Bind B cell with repeating epitope and backbone
B cell activation but no switching
IgM response

Question 11

Lectins and Mitogens

Answer 11

Lectins: Proteins that recognize sugar
Mitogens: subclass
Can bind and activate sugar on T-cells
Cytokine storm - SIRS - shock

Question 12

T-Cell Development

Answer 12

Starts at periphery of thymus
Pre-T have both CD8 and CD4
Thymus cells have both MHC I and II
Selection/specificity or degradation
(Positive=normal, negative=Treg, non=degradation)

Question 13

HLA Gene

Answer 13

Codes for MHC II and I on chr 6
DR = II
B and A = I

Question 14

Mixed Leukocyte Reaction

Answer 14

Mix donor and host tissue
Small radiation knocks out donor lymphocytes
Measure proliferation of host lymphocytes

Question 15

MHC Class I

Answer 15

Bowl is one chain
On all cells in body
Activates CTL
HLA B, C, A

Question 16

MHC Class II

Answer 16

Bowl is half and half on chains
Used on all APC: Macro, DC, B cells
HLA D group (DP, DQ, DR)

Question 17

Allograft vs. autograft

Answer 17

Allo: Non-identical members of the same species
Auto: self

Question 18

Allorecognition

Answer 18

T cells can recognize self + antigen lymphocyte

T cells can recognize foreign lymphocyte

Question 19

Regions of LN

Answer 19

Capsule
Subcapsular space
Cortex (follicles and germinal centers) - B cells
Paracortex - T cells
Medulla

Question 20

High endothelial venule

Answer 20

In lymph nodes

Signal recognition and diapedesis of lymphocytes form blood into lymph

Question 21

Thymus Structure

Answer 21

Trabeculae divide into pseudolobules
Cortex: densely packed thymocytes with dark nuc.
Medulla: less densely packed
Stromal cells (DC, mac) - provide matrix/support
Hassal’s corpuscles

Question 22

Hassal’s corpuscles

Answer 22

concentric layers of reticular cells

prduce thymic stromal lymphoprotein

Question 23

Thymus blood flow

Answer 23

Small arteries enter the capsule and bifucate within the CT septa
Tight junctions by stromal cells create blood-thymus barrier

Question 24

Spleen bood flow

Answer 24

Splenic artery and vein
Central arterioles that run deep and become discontinuous
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath surrounds arterioles
Macrophages hang on reticular fibers

Question 25

White pulp

Answer 25

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath Contains germinal centers primarily T cells

Question 26

Red pulp

Answer 26

Not white pulp Contain most macrophages Blood flows throughout

Question 27

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Answer 27

Unencapsulated lymphoid cells Tonsils, nodules, appendix, aggregations in intestine Peyer's patches

Question 28

M Cells

Answer 28

Deliver antigen to underlying tissues

Question 29

Natural immunity

Answer 29

Active: Exposure to pathogen Passive: IgG/IgA passing

Question 30

Artificial immunity

Answer 30

Active: Immunization with vaccine, toxoid, etc Passive: Serum with antibodies (serum sickness, type 3)

Question 31

Example of cross reaction vaccine

Answer 31

Tetanus - one toxin with one toxic part Remove toxic region = toxoid Use in immunization Antibody only partially effective, antitoxin $$$

Question 32

Conjugate Vaccines

Answer 32

Carb epitope T-independent response Conjugate carb with toxin B cell binds, ingests, and displays toxin Tfh responds to toxin, stimulates B response to carb

Question 33

Vaccine Adjuvants

Answer 33

Added to vaccines, innate immune response Increased local cytokines/chemokines (aka innate) result in better environment for presenting APC Can increase potency of vaccine Ex. Alum (mimcs PAMP), Lipid A (HPV)

Question 34

Herd Immunity

Answer 34

Proportion of op that has immunity against (%) Two outcomes: 1. Non-immune interacts with immune, infections member 2. Chance of transmission based on infectivity

Question 35

Herd Effect

Answer 35

decrease in infection rate in non-immune part of herd

Question 36

_____ infectivity requires _____ herd immunity

Answer 36

Higher, higher | >95% in measles (high infectivity)

Question 37

Viral Immunity

Answer 37

1. Mucous membranes and IgA 2. Plasma immunity and IgG 3. Once in cells, need T cells: Class II (Th) and Class I (CTL) MHC

Question 38

Antibody titers

Answer 38

Indicate immune defense against disease reciprocal of maximal dilution of serum that is still positive If IgM also present or trends up = currently infected If stable = has disease/vaccine

Question 39

DNA Vaccines

Answer 39

Inserting antigen coding DNA Faster creation in event of outbreak More stable for transport