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phys > exam 2: insulin > Flashcards

exam 2: insulin Flashcards

1
Q

fendocrine pancreas. is 1%

islet of Langerhan cells:
A cells secrete=
B cells secrete=

D cells= (inhibitor)
F cells=

A

A cells secrete= glucagon
B cells secrete=insulin

D cells secrete= somatostatin (inhibits A and B cells)

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2
Q

majority of the islets of langerhan cells:

A

a and B cells

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3
Q

exocrine portion of pancreas is what releases _____ enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine

A

digestive

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4
Q

a and b cells go into_____ (why called endocrine)

A

into blood

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5
Q

majority of the pancreas is ____ cells that are moved into duadumen for digestion

A

acinar cells

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6
Q

insulin secretion is associated with

A

energy abundance

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7
Q

insulin is composed of two amino acid chains, connected by:

A

disulfide linkages

and a and b chains

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8
Q

when a and b chains are split in insulin, functional activity of insulin molecule is

A

lost

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9
Q

what have virtually no insulin activity

A

proinsulin and C peptide

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10
Q

formation of insulin occurs in ___ cells. it is first made as:

A

Beta cells

first made as proinsulin

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11
Q

in the golgi, proinsulin is cleaved to form

A

c peptide and insulin

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12
Q

insulin circulates entirely in

A

unbounded form

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13
Q

what is the key regulator of insulin secretion

A

glucose

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14
Q

when glucose levels ____, this stimulates insulin synthesis

A

increase (>3.9 mmol/L)

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15
Q

mechanism of insulin secretion.

  1. glucose enters cell _____ concentration gradient
  2. glucose is metabolized until it produces:
  3. when ATP ______, this _____ the SUR channel (sulfonylurea receptor channel)
  4. this causes depolarization of:
    moving it:
  5. causes Ca2+ channel to:
    exocytosis
  6. this kinda pushes the reaction onward and increases levels of cAMP
  7. exocytosis of
A
  1. down (high to low)
  2. ATP
  3. closes channels (it is a K+ gated channel gated by the presence of ATP) aka high atp=closed channel
  4. depolarization of K+ moving it away from its equlibrium
  5. Ca2+ channel opens (exocytosis)
  6. incretins
  7. exocytosis of insulin!
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16
Q

for treatment for _______, some medications close the SUR channel

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

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17
Q

hormones produced by the digestive system that work to stimulate insulin secretion BEFORE plasma glucose is elevated.

GLP-1 and GIP

A

incretins

ozempic!!

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18
Q

normal fasting blood glucose is _______mg/100ml

A

80-90mg/100 ml

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19
Q

insulin secretion rises when blood glucose rises above

A

100 mg/100ml

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20
Q

peak insulin secretion occurs when blood glucose reaches

A

400-600 mg/100 ml

21
Q

what is an antigonist of insulin

A

glucagon

22
Q

glucagon levels decrease as ____ levels increase

A

insulin

23
Q

as insulin secretion levels increase, glucose levels

until glucose levels get to

A

increase

get to 400-600

24
Q

insulin is a ________ receptor

A

tyrosine kinase-linked receptor

25
Q

the target cells responses:

______= increased glucose uptake especially by muscle cells and adipocytes due to translocation of vesicles containing GLUT-4 to the membrane

A

FAST in seconds.

glucose transport

26
Q

the target cells responses:

the membrane becomes more permeable to many amino acids along with potassium and phosphate ions.

_______= change in enzyme activity leading to changes in metabolism

A

slower (10-15 minutes)
-fat synthesis
-protein synthesis
-glycogen synthesis

27
Q

amino acids, ketones, various nutrients, gastrointestinal peptides (GLP-1), and neurotransmitters also influence ____ secretion

A

insulin

28
Q

the target cells responses:
the membrane becomes more permeable to many amino acids along with potassium and phosphate ions.

____= changes in gene expression and growth

A

slowest
(hours to days)

29
Q

insulin promotes muscle glucose uptake and metabolism-anabolic effect via

A

via GLUT-4:
(effects of insulin on muscle)

30
Q

resting muscle membrane is

A

only slightly permeable to glucose

31
Q

what stimulates increases of glucose transport and how?

A

insulin

via increase in GLUT-4 in the membrane

32
Q

when the glucose comes in, there is going to be conversion of it into glycogen (anabolic effect) which increases:

A

increases glycogen storage in skeletal muscle
and
increases protein synthesis
and
inhibits protein degradation

(anabolic effects)

33
Q

effect of insulin on protein metabolism and growth.
promotes ________ synthesis and ______. Inhibits:

A

-promotes protein synthesis and storage
-inhibits protein degradation

34
Q

insulin and growth hormone interact SYNERGISTICALLY to promote

A

growth

35
Q

lack of insulin causes:
1
2

A

protein depletion and increased plasma amino acids

36
Q

effects of insulin on liver.insulin promotes the ____ and ___ of glucose as glycogen by the liver

A

insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose (as glycogen) by the liver

37
Q

insulin promotes conversion of excess glucose into:

and inhibits:

A

fatty acids

inhibits production of new glucose aka gluconeogenesis

38
Q

effect on insulin on fat metabolism. insulin promotes:
1
2

A

insulin promotes fat synthesis and storage

39
Q

storage form of fatty acids are

A

triglycerides

40
Q

increase glucose transport into adopocyte, increases number of TG-rich lipoproteins that enter the adipocyte (adipose tissues)

which activates _______ in the capillary walls of adipose tissues

leads to splitting ______ into fatty acids
and absorption into adipocytes

A

lipoprotein lipase LPL

splitting TG (triglycerides) into FA

41
Q

how you break down triglycerides to put FA into blood:

we want to block this pathway because we need to store things

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

42
Q

essential effects of insulin for fat storage in adipose tissue:

A

-inhibits action of HSL
-enhances glucose transport into adipocytes (to store)

43
Q

(effects of insulin on Fat Metabolism)
lack of insulin causes _____ and release of _____ into the blood and increases plasma cholesterol and phosphlipids

A

lipolysis and release of FFA

44
Q

net effects of plasma for major target tissues of insulin:

A

decrease in all
1. glucose
2. FFA
3. ketoacids
4. amino acids

45
Q

increase insulin secretion when what 3 things are increased:

insulin will then let these go back down to normal levels

A

-blood glucose
-blood FFA
-blood amino acids

46
Q

what happens for insulin secretion to be decreased

A

-decreased blood glucose
-fasting
somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon)

47
Q

other things that increase insulin secretion:

A

-SUR drugs (close K channel and cause depolarization
-GLP-1
-GIP
-PNS
-insulin resistant; obesity

these increase blood glucose and eventually cause insulin to decrease blood glucose levels to keep in window:
-glucagon
-GH
-cortisol

48
Q
A

phys (16 decks)

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